Study on Aerodynamic Performance of Wind Turbine Airfoil With Combined S-Slot and Trailing Edge Flap Control

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22139

Abstract

Abstract:

Reducing the blade aerodynamic loads is extremely important to extend the life of wind turbine blades. Trailing edge flaps are effective means to reduce blade aerodynamic loads, however, its regulation ability weakens greatly at large angles of wind attack. The combined regulation ability on the aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine blades by S-slot and trailing edge flaps and by adding S-slot at 50% of the chord length of turbine blade was investigated. The shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model was used to study the effect of combined control of S-slot and trailing edge flaps on the aerodynamic characteristics of S809 airfoil at Reynolds number of 10⁶. The synergistic mechanism between the S-slot and trailing edge flaps was further analyzed. The results show that the deflection of trailing edge flaps can significantly change the gas flow rate in the slot, and effectively adjust the pressure difference in the middle of the blade. This combined control strategy can significantly improve the stall phenomenon of airfoil at large angles of wind attack, thereby significantly enhancing the ability of trailing edge flaps to control the lift coefficient.

Key words: wind energy, wind turbine, airfoil, airfoil slot, flap, aerodynamic performance

CLC Number:

TK 83

Zhipeng QIN, Gaosheng WEI, Liu CUI, Xiaoze DU. Study on Aerodynamic Performance of Wind Turbine Airfoil With Combined S-Slot and Trailing Edge Flap Control[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(1): 24-31.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Wind turbine blade model with trailing edge flaps and S-slot

Fig. 2 Computational domain and model surface meshing

Fig. 3 Grid independence verification

Fig. 4 Comparison of numerical simulation results and experimental results of reference [41]

Fig. 5 Pressure and flow diagrams for different models

Fig. 6 Lift coefficients for different angles of attack and trailing edge deflection angles

Fig. 7 Change in lift coefficient at different angles of attack

Fig. 8 Drag coefficient at different angles of attack and trailing edge deflection angles

Fig. 9 Change in drag coefficient at different angles of attack

Fig. 10 Flow velocity of slot and flap at different angles of attack and angles of trailing edge deflection

References 42

1	李铮，郭小江，申旭辉，等．我国海上风电发展关键技术综述[J]．发电技术，2022，43(2)：186-197． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22028
	LI Z， GUO X J， SHEN X H，et al ．Summary of technologies for the development of offshore wind power industry in China[J]．Power Generation Technology，2022，43(2)：186-197． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22028
2	王磊，柳亦兵，滕伟，等．风电机组叶片无损检测技术研究与进展[J]．中国电力，2023，56(10)：80-95．
	WANG L， LIU Y B， TENG W，et al ．Research and development of nondestructive detection technology for wind turbine blades[J]．Electric Power，2023，56(10)：80-95．
3	张立栋，石强，姜铁骝，等．不同强度湍流风对风力机气动载荷的影响[J]．分布式能源，2023，8(5)：61-68．
	ZHANG L D， SHI Q， JIANG T L，et al ．Influence of turbulent wind of different intensity on aerodynamic load of wind turbine[J]．Distributed Energy，2023，8(5)：61-68．
4	初岳峰，王凯，肖忠铭，等．海上风电船机与风电设备故障分析及应对策略综述[J]．南方能源建设，2022，9(1)：9-19． doi:10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2022.01.002
	CHU Y F， WANG K， XIAO Z M，et al ．Fault analysis and countermeasures of wind turbine installation vessel’s key equipment and wind power equipment[J]．Southern Energy Construction，2022，9(1)：9-19． doi:10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2022.01.002
5	张洪达，王昊，郭家沛，等．风力发电机组轮毂强度影响因素与结构优化研究[J]．浙江电力，2022，41(1)：42-47．
	ZHANG H D， WANG H， GUO J P，et al ．Study on influencing factors of strength and structural optimization of wind turbine hubs[J]．Zhejiang Electric Power，2022，41(1)：42-47．
6	樊昂，李录平，张世海，等．大型风电机组塔筒动力学特性与寿命损耗研究进展[J]．发电技术，2022，43(3)：421-430． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.21022
	FAN A， LI L P， ZHANG S H，et al ．A review on dynamic characteristics and life loss of large wind turbine towers[J]．Power Generation Technology，2022，43(3)：421-430． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.21022
7	张斌，朱春生，贾鈜崴，等．数据驱动的风电机组传动系统疲劳载荷计算与主动抑制研究[J]．智慧电力，2023，51(1)：24-30． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7598.2023.01.005
	ZHANG B， ZHU C S， JIA H W，et al ．Fatigue load calculation and active suppression of wind turbine transmission system based on data-driven method[J]．Smart Power，2023，51(1)：24-30． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7598.2023.01.005
8	丛雨，李秀芬，原帅，等．基于改进遗传算法的风电场多时段有功功率优化分配[J]．电网与清洁能源，2022，38(12)：107-114． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3814.2022.12.014
	CONG Y， LI X F， YUAN S，et al ．A multi-periods active power dispatch method for wind farms based on improved GA algorithm[J]．Power System and Clean Energy，2022，38(12)：107-114． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3814.2022.12.014
9	刘军，安柏任，张维博，等．大型风力发电机组健康状态评价综述[J]．电力系统保护与控制，2023，51(1)：176-187．
	LIU J， AN B R， ZHANG W B，et al ．Review of health status evaluation of large wind turbines[J]．Power System Protection and Control，2023，51(1)：176-187．
10	房方，梁栋炀，刘亚娟，等．海上风电智能控制与运维关键技术[J]．发电技术，2022，43(2)：175-185． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22042
	FANG F， LIANG D Y， LIU Y J，et al ．Key technologies for intelligent control and operation and maintenance of offshore wind power[J]．Power Generation Technology，2022，43(2)：175-185． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22042
11	FENG L H， CHOI K S， WANG J J ．Flow control over an airfoil using virtual Gurney flaps[J]．Journal of Fluid Mechanics，2015，767：595-626． doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.22
12	BARLAS T K， VAN KUIK G A M ．Review of state of the art in smart rotor control research for wind turbines[J]．Progress in Aerospace Sciences，2010，46(1)：1-27． doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2009.08.002
13	BIBER K ．Stall hysteresis of an airfoil with slotted flap[J]．Journal of Aircraft，2005，42(6)：1462-1470． doi:10.2514/1.11926
14	HAO W， LI C， YE Z，et al ．Computational study on wind turbine airfoils based on active control for deformable flaps[J]．Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology，2017，31(2)：565-575． doi:10.1007/s12206-017-0109-1
15	LI C F， XU Y， ZHAO X L，et al ．Influence of trailing edge flap on wind turbine blade using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics method[J]．IOP Conference Series：Materials Science and Engineering，2013，52(5)：052005． doi:10.1088/1757-899x/52/5/052005
16	ARREDONDO-GALEANA A， YOUNG A M， SMYTH A S M，et al ．Unsteady load mitigation through a passive trailing-edge flap[J]．Journal of Fluids and Structures，2021，106：103352． doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2021.103352
17	BUHL T， GAUNAA M，BAK C ．Potential load reduction using airfoils with variable trailing edge geometry[J]．Journal of Solar Energy Engineering，2005，127(4)：503-516． doi:10.1115/1.2037094
18	CAI X， WANG Y， XU B，et al ．Performance and effect of load mitigation of a trailing-edge flap in a large-scale offshore wind turbine[J]．Journal of Marine Science and Engineering，2020，8(2)：72． doi:10.3390/jmse8020072
19	CASTAIGNET D， BARLAS T， BUHL T，et al ．Full-scale test of trailing edge flaps on a Vestas V27 wind turbine：active load reduction and system identification[J]．Wind Energy，2014，17(4)：549-564． doi:10.1002/we.1589
20	BASUALDO S ．Load alleviation on wind turbine blades using variable airfoil geometry[J]．Wind Engineering，2005，29(2)：169-182． doi:10.1260/0309524054797122
21	HE K， QI L， ZHENG L，et al ．Combined pitch and trailing edge flap control for load mitigation of wind turbines[J]．Energies，2018，11(10)：2519． doi:10.3390/en11102519
22	叶舟，郝文星，丁勤卫，等．不同工况下风力机翼型襟翼气动特性分析[J]．太阳能学报，2017，38(9)：2535-2543．
	YE Z， HAO W X， DING Q W，et al ．Analysis on performance of deformable trailing edge flap on different working conditions[J]．Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica，2017，38(9)：2535-2543．
23	HWANG D ．A proof of concept experiment for reducing skin friction by using a micro-blowing technique[C]//Proceedings of the 35th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit．Reston，Virigina：AIAA，1997：546． doi:10.2514/6.1997-546
24	KORNILOV V I ．Current state and prospects of researches on the control of turbulent boundary layer by air blowing[J]．Progress in Aerospace Sciences，2015，76：1-23． doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.05.001
25	MAHFOZE O A， MOODY A， WYNN A，et al ．Reducing the skin-friction drag of a turbulent boundary-layer flow with low-amplitude wall-normal blowing within a Bayesian optimization framework[J]．Physical Review Fluids，2019，4(9)：094601． doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.4.094601
26	CHIEKH M BEN， FERCHICHI M， MICHARD M，et al ．Synthetic jet actuation strategies for momentumless trailing edge wake[J]．Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics，2013，113：59-70． doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2012.12.002
27	YEN J， AHMED N A ．Enhancing vertical axis wind turbine by dynamic stall control using synthetic jets[J]．Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics，2013，114：12-17． doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2012.12.015
28	BECHERT D， BRUSE M， HAGE W，et al ．Biological surfaces and their technological application-laboratory and flight experiments on drag reduction and separation control[C]//Proceedings of the 28th Fluid Dynamics Conference．Reston，Virigina：AIAA，1997：1960． doi:10.2514/6.1997-1960
29	VISWANATH P R ．Aircraft viscous drag reduction using riblets[J]．Progress in Aerospace Sciences，2002，38(6/7)：571-600． doi:10.1016/s0376-0421(02)00048-9
30	LIGGETT N， SMITH M J ．The physics of modeling unsteady flaps with gaps[J]．Journal of Fluids and Structures，2013，38：255-272． doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2012.12.010
31	AMANO R S， BEYHAGHI S ．Leading-edge slots for improving the aerodynamic performance of cambered airfoils in horizontal axis wind turbine blades[C]//Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2017：Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition．Charlotte，North Carolina：ASME，2017：63691． doi:10.1115/gt2017-63691
32	ACARER S ．Peak lift-to-drag ratio enhancement of the DU12W262 airfoil by passive flow control and its impact on horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines[J]．Energy，2020，201：117659． doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.117659
33	YEO H， LIM J W ．Application of a slotted airfoil for UH-60A helicopter performance[C]//The American Helicopter Society Aerodynamics，Aeroacoustics and Test and Evaluation Technical Evaluation Specialists Meeeting．2002：1-17．
34	XIE Y， CHEN J， QU H，et al ．Numerical and experimental investigation on the flow separation control of S809 airfoil with slot[J]．Mathematical Problems in Engineering，2013(4)：1-14． doi:10.1155/2013/301748
35	BELAMADI R， DJEMILI A， ILINCA A，et al ．Aerodynamic performance analysis of slotted airfoils for application to wind turbine blades[J]．Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics，2016，151：79-99． doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2016.01.011
36	SOMERS D ．Design and experimental results for the S809 airfoil[R]．Oak Ridge，TN：Office of Scientific & Technical Information，2010． doi:10.21236/ada545821
37	贾亚雷，韩中合，安鹏，等．尾缘襟翼缝隙大小对风力机翼型气动性能的影响[J]．空气动力学学报，2018，36(1)：41-46． doi:10.7638/kqdlxxb-2015.0209
	JIA Y L， HAN Z H， AN P，et al ．Influence of gap size of trailing-edge-flap on aerodynamic performance of wind turbine airfoil[J]．Acta Aerodynamica Sinica，2018，36(1)：41-46． doi:10.7638/kqdlxxb-2015.0209
38	韩中合，贾亚雷，李恒凡，等．尾缘襟翼长度对风力机翼型气动性能的影响[J]．空气动力学学报，2015，33(6)：835-842． doi:10.7638/kqdlxxb-2015.0021
	HAN Z H， JIA Y L， LI H F，et al ．The effect of trailing edge flaps length on aerodynamics of wind turbine airfoil[J]．Acta Aerodynamica Sinica，2015，33(6)：835-842． doi:10.7638/kqdlxxb-2015.0021
39	MENTER F R ．Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications[J]．AIAA Journal，1994，32(8)：1598-1605． doi:10.2514/3.12149
40	WILCOX D C ．Reassessment of the scale-determining equation for advanced turbulence models[J]．AIAA Journal，1988，26(6)：1299-1310． doi:10.2514/3.10041
41	RAMSAY R F， HOFFMAN M J， GREGOREK G M ．Effects of grit roughness and pitch oscillations on the S809 airfoil[R]．Oak Ridge，TN：Office of Scientific & Technical Information，1995． doi:10.2172/205563
42	NI Z， DHANAK M， SU T C ．Performance characteristics of airfoils with leading-edge tubercles and an internal slot[J]．AIAA Journal，2019，57(6)：2394-2407． doi:10.2514/1.j058145

[1]	Yaohan WANG, Yangfan ZHANG, Qingxu ZHAO, Xiaodong WANG, Kai LIANG, Yu WANG. Joint Simulation Study on Load Characteristics of Wind Turbines in Low Voltage Ride Through Process [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(4): 705-715.
[2]	Fangfang WANG, Pengwei YANG, Guangjin ZHAO, Qi LI, Xiaona LIU, Shuangchen MA. Development and Challenge of Flexible Operation Technology of Thermal Power Units Under New Power System [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(2): 189-198.
[3]	Ang FAN, Luping LI, Rui LIU, Minnan OUYANG, Shangnian CHEN. Research on Dynamic Characteristics of Monopile Offshore Wind Turbine Tower Under Different Wind Speed Conditions [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(2): 312-322.
[4]	Xinrong YAN, Ningning ZHANG, Kuichao MA, Chao WEI, Shuai YANG, Binbin PAN. Overview of Current Situation and Trend of Offshore Wind Power Development in China [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(1): 1-12.
[5]	Zhan LIU, Yanyang BAO, Dazi LI. Fault Diagnosis Method of Wind Turbines Based on Wide Deep Convolutional Neural Network With Resampling and Principal Component Analysis [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(6): 824-832.
[6]	Caixin SUN, Bo ZHANG, Wei TANG, Yiming ZHOU, Mingzhi FU, Meng QIN, Xiaojiang GUO. Research and Practice on Localization of Offshore Wind Turbines [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(5): 696-702.
[7]	Honghui SHI, Haibo WANG, Rongxiu CAO, Li YAO, Xin YAN. Research on Aerodynamic and Strength Performance of Last Stage in High-Pressure Cylinder of Steam Turbine Under Variable Working Conditions [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(6): 959-969.
[8]	Ang FAN, Luping LI, Shihai ZHANG, Minnan OUYANG, Xiankui WEN, Shangnian CHEN. A Review on Dynamic Characteristics and Life Loss of Large Wind Turbine Towers [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(3): 421-430.
[9]	Zheng LI, Xiaojiang GUO, Xuhui SHEN, Haiyan TANG. Summary of Technologies for the Development of Offshore Wind Power Industry in China [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(2): 186-197.
[10]	Danmei HU, Li ZENG, Yunhao CHEN. Analysis of Fluid-Structure Coupling Characteristics of Semi-submersible Offshore Wind Turbines [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(2): 218-226.
[11]	Xiaoyang ZOU, Weiguo PAN. Research Progress on Dynamic Simulation Analysis of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(2): 249-259.
[12]	Zhiwei ZHANG, Jianping ZHANG, Ming LIU, Haipeng JI, Haojun ZHU, Shengdi ZHOU. Analysis on Variation Characteristics of Offshore Wind Resources in Luchao Port [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(2): 260-267.
[13]	Lei ZHANG, Jiying LI, Qinwei LI, Mince ZHANG, Yunfeng GUO, Lidong ZHANG. Status and Prospect of Yaw System Control Strategy for Wind Turbines [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2021, 42(3): 306-312.
[14]	Yaguang LI, Meng LI. Anomaly Detection of Wind Turbines Based on Deep Small-World Neural Network [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2021, 42(3): 313-321.
[15]	Haichuan ZHAO, Yandong LU, Haokang ZHENG, Zuoxia XING. Research on Low Voltage Ride Through for Small Direct-driven Permanent Magnet Wind Turbine in Low Voltage Microgrid [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2020, 41(6): 659-666.