发电技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2): 237-247.DOI: 10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.260201

• 发电及环境保护 •    

中国火电低碳发展现状及展望

朱法华1,2, 徐静馨1,2, 沈凡卉1, 张西1, 李辉1, 田文鑫1, 赵秀勇1, 柏源1   

  1. 1.低碳智能燃煤发电与超净排放全国重点实验室(国家能源集团科学技术研究院有限公司),江苏省 南京市 210023
    2.南京信息工程大学江苏省大气环境与装备技术协同创新中心,江苏省 南京市 210044
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-12 修回日期:2025-10-22 出版日期:2026-04-30 发布日期:2026-04-21
  • 作者简介:朱法华(1966),男,博士,高级工程师(研究员级),长期从事电力环境保护科研工作,zhufahua@vip.sina. com
    徐静馨(1985),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向大气环境模拟与污染控制技术,xjx_0718@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3701504);国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC3712805)

Current Situation and Prospects of the Low-Carbon Development of Thermal Power in China

Fahua ZHU1,2, Jingxin XU1,2, Fanhui SHEN1, Xi ZHANG1, Hui LI1, Wenxin TIAN1, Xiuyong ZHAO1, Yuan BAI1   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Smart Coal-fired Power Generation and Ultra-clean Emission (China Energy Science and Technology Research Institute Co. , Ltd. ), Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
    2.Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu Province, China
  • Received:2025-08-12 Revised:2025-10-22 Published:2026-04-30 Online:2026-04-21
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3701504)

摘要:

目的 中国火电行业CO2排放占比超过40%,其低碳转型是实现碳中和目标的关键。为此,分析了当前中国火电低碳发展现状,并据此提出针对性的降碳治理路径。 方法 聚焦火电行业低碳发展实际情况,通过分析装机容量、发电量占比、机组结构、碳排放强度等核心指标,结合技术应用与产业布局现状,提出降碳治理路径,包括加快推动高能耗、低水平的燃煤小机组有序退出,调整燃煤小机组结构提效节能,驱动煤电产业低碳转型全面升级;构建基于生物质能及绿基燃料(绿氨/绿氢)混烧的源头降碳路径,完善燃煤入炉质量闭环管控链条,推行低碳高效煤电机组替代;加快部署碳捕集、利用与封存(carbon capture,utilization and storage,CCUS)等研发应用,实现CO2大规模移除和转化。 结论 中国火电装机及发电量占比正快速下降,机组结构持续优化,单位火电碳排放强度不断降低,但气电在火电中占比较低且提升缓慢。提出的治理路径可有效推动火电行业低碳转型,为提升能源结构优化与碳中和目标实现提供理论支撑与实践参考,同时也亟待突破绿氢/绿氨在储运、经济性等方面的技术瓶颈,克服CCUS在成本、效率和规模化应用中的障碍,并需结合区域资源禀赋差异,统筹推动全国能源结构的整体优化。

关键词: 火电, 低碳发展, 节能提效, 源头掺烧, 碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)

Abstract:

Objectives The thermal power industry in China accounts for more than 40% of CO2 emissions, and its low-carbon transformation is the key to achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. Therefore, this study analyzes the current low-carbon development status of thermal power in China and proposes targeted carbon reduction governance pathways accordingly. Methods Focusing on the actual situation of low-carbon development in the thermal power industry, this study analyzes core indicators such as installed capacity, proportion of power generation, unit structure, and carbon emission intensity, and combines with the current status of technology application and industrial layout to propose carbon reduction governance pathways. These pathways include accelerating the orderly phase-out of small coal-fired power units with high energy consumption and low efficiency, adjusting the structure of small coal-fired power units for efficiency improvement and energy conservation, and driving the comprehensive upgrading of the low-carbon transformation of the coal power industry; building a source carbon reduction pathway based on the co-firing of biomass energy and green-based fuels (green ammonia/green hydrogen), improving the closed-loop quality control chain of coal entering the furnace, and promoting the replacement with low-carbon and efficient coal-fired power units; and accelerating the deployment of R&D applications such as carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) to achieve large-scale removal and conversion of CO2. Conclusions The proportions of installed capacity and power generation of thermal power in China are declining rapidly, the unit structure continues to be optimized, and the carbon emission intensity per unit of thermal power continues to decrease. However, gas-fired power accounts for a relatively low proportion in thermal power and improves slowly. The proposed governance pathways effectively promote the low-carbon transformation of the thermal power industry and provide theoretical support and practical reference for improving energy structure optimization and realizing the carbon neutrality goal. Additionally, the technical bottlenecks of green hydrogen/green ammonia in aspects such as storage, transportation, and economic efficiency urgently need to be overcome. The obstacles of CCUS in cost, efficiency, and large-scale application need to be addressed, and regional differences in resource endowment should be considered to coordinate and promote the overall optimization of the national energy structure.

Key words: thermal power, low-carbon development, energy conservation and efficiency improvement, source co-firing, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS)

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