Frequency Regulation Control Strategy for Flywheel Energy Storage Coupled With Thermal Power Units Under Multiple Operation Stages

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.260108

Abstract

Abstract:

Objectives Flywheel energy storage that assists thermal power units to participate in frequency regulation is widely used in the field of grid frequency regulation. In view of the fact that the current commonly used energy storage control strategies fail to fully consider the operating requirements of frequency in different stages of change, an adaptive frequency modulation control strategy for flywheel energy storage-thermal power units is proposed that considers the effects of positive and negative inertia. Methods Considering the effects of positive and negative inertia control on frequency recovery at different stages of frequency variation, this study proposes an adaptive frequency control method for a thermal power-energy storage coupled system under dynamic operating conditions. This method fully integrates the advantages of inertia control and droop control, and adaptively adjusts the control strategy according to the system frequency deviation and the real-time state of charge (SOC) of energy storage. Results Under step disturbance, the proposed strategy reduces the maximum dynamic frequency deviation by 2.8%, the steady-state deviation by 2.9%, and the settling time by 17 s, while the change curve of SOC becomes smooth. Under continuous disturbance, the proposed strategy can reduce the frequency deviation by 8.1% and reduce the output of thermal power units by 52.8%. The SOC of the energy storage system can be maintained within a good range throughout the command period. Conclusions The proposed strategy can improve the frequency regulation performance of the system, reduce unit output fluctuations, and take into account the state of charge management of the energy storage system.

Key words: new energy, flywheel energy storage, droop control, frequency regulation, positive and negative inertia, adaptive switch, state of charge

CLC Number:

TK 321

Feng HONG, Boyang LIANG, Fengdong SUN, Lu LIANG, Wei WANG, Fang FANG. Frequency Regulation Control Strategy for Flywheel Energy Storage Coupled With Thermal Power Units Under Multiple Operation Stages[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2026, 47(1): 89-98.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig. 1 Combined thermal power-energy storage frequency regulation system with flywheel energy storage

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of dynamic process of primary frequency regulation

Fig. 3 Output of combined thermal power-energy storage system

Fig. 4 3D surface plot of parameter variations

Tab. 1 Flywheel simulation parameters

飞轮储能系统参数	取值
定子电阻 $R s / Ω$	0.096
永磁磁链 $ψ f / W B$	0.128 7
粘滞摩擦系数B/(N⋅M⋅S)	1 100
定子电感L/mH	2.085
极对数 $n p$	2
飞轮转动惯量J/(kg⋅m²)	24.3

Tab. 1 Flywheel simulation parameters

飞轮储能系统参数	取值
定子电阻 $R s / Ω$	0.096
永磁磁链 $ψ f / W B$	0.128 7
粘滞摩擦系数B/(N⋅M⋅S)	1 100
定子电感L/mH	2.085
极对数 $n p$	2
飞轮转动惯量J/(kg⋅m²)	24.3

Tab. 2 Per-unit values of simulation parameters

仿真参数	取值	仿真参数	取值
$K$	6	$P$	1/600
$n m$	6	$Δ f g e n$	0.000 66
$P 0$	0.01	$b$	0.08
$α$	4	$f d_m a x$	0.006

Tab. 2 Per-unit values of simulation parameters

仿真参数	取值	仿真参数	取值
$K$	6	$P$	1/600
$n m$	6	$Δ f g e n$	0.000 66
$P 0$	0.01	$b$	0.08
$α$	4	$f d_m a x$	0.006

Fig. 5 Frequency deviation curves

Fig. 6 Energy storage output curves

Tab. 3 Comparison of dynamic performance under different strategies

控制策略	$Δ f m a x / (× 10 - 3 p u)$	$Δ f s / (× 10 - 3 p u)$	$t s / s$
无储能	-2.724	-1.000	32
定K、M切换	-2.011	-1.002	47
本文策略	-1.954	-0.918	30

Tab. 3 Comparison of dynamic performance under different strategies

控制策略	$Δ f m a x / (× 10 - 3 p u)$	$Δ f s / (× 10 - 3 p u)$	$t s / s$
无储能	-2.724	-1.000	32
定K、M切换	-2.011	-1.002	47
本文策略	-1.954	-0.918	30

Fig. 7 Thermal power unit output curves

Fig. 8 Flywheel energy storage SOC curves

Tab. 4 Comparison of control performance under different strategies

控制策略	$Δ f a v e / (× 10 - 4 p u)$	$P f_a v e / (× 10 - 4 p u)$	$P t_a v e / (× 10 - 3 p u)$	$S O C s q r t$
无储能	6.67	—	2.22	—
定K、M切换	6.53	3.94	1.94	0.187
本文策略	6.04	15.12	1.27	0.154

Tab. 4 Comparison of control performance under different strategies

控制策略	$Δ f a v e / (× 10 - 4 p u)$	$P f_a v e / (× 10 - 4 p u)$	$P t_a v e / (× 10 - 3 p u)$	$S O C s q r t$
无储能	6.67	—	2.22	—
定K、M切换	6.53	3.94	1.94	0.187
本文策略	6.04	15.12	1.27	0.154

Fig. 9 Frequency deviation curves under continuous disturbance

Fig. 10 Energy storage output curves under continuous disturbance

Fig. 11 Thermal power unit output curves under continuous disturbance

Fig. 12 SOC curves of energy storage under continuous disturbance

Fig. 13 SOC curves of energy storage during certain recovery stage

References 24

[1]	王放放，杨鹏威，赵光金，等．新型电力系统下火电机组灵活性运行技术发展及挑战[J]．发电技术，2024，45(2)：189-198．
	WANG F F， YANG P W， ZHAO G J，et al ．Development and challenge of flexible operation technology of thermal power units under new power system[J]．Power Generation Technology，2024，45(2)：189-198．
[2]	黄奕俊，肖健，彭依明，等．基于边缘计算的新型电力系统分布式状态估计[J]．电力科学与技术学报，2025，40(1)：77-84．
	HUANG Y J， XIAO J， PENG Y M，et al ．Distributed state estimation of new power system based on edge computing[J]．Journal of Electric Power Science and Technology，2025，40(1)：77-84．
[3]	王方敏，顼佳宇，苏宁，等．新型电力系统风险抑制下分布式光伏承载力概率评估方法[J]．中国电力，2025，58(6)：33-44．
	WANG F M， XU J Y， SU N，et al ．Probability evaluation method of distributed photovoltaic carrying capacity under risk suppression in new power system [J]．Electric Power，2025，58(6)：33-44．
[4]	黄河，王建学，肖云鹏，等．新型电力系统电力电量平衡分析关键技术与研究框架[J]．电力建设，2024，45(9)：1-12． doi:10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2024.09.001
	HUANG H， WANG J X， XIAO Y P，et al ．Key technologies and research framework for the power and energy balance analysis in new-type power systems [J]．Electric Power Construction，2024，45(9)：1-12． doi:10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2024.09.001
[5]	曹宏宇，梁言贺，刘惠颖，等．考虑风-光-储不确定性的新型电力系统概率潮流计算[J]．电测与仪表，2024，61(6)：87-93．
	CAO H Y， LIANG Y H， LIU H Y，et al ．Probabilistic power flow calculation of novel power system considering uncertainty of wind-light-storage [J]．Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation，2024，61(6)：87-93．
[6]	冯艺萱，边晓燕，陈雯，等．新型电力系统灵活性资源成本回收机制分析及挑战[J]．电工技术学报，2025，40(21)：7013-7028
	FENG Y X， BIAN X Y， CHEN W，et al ．Analysis and challenges of new power system flexibility resource cost recovery mechanisms[J]．Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society，2025，40(21)：7013-7028．
[7]	王建业．大功率飞轮储能系统转子设计与充放电控制研究[D]．北京：华北电力大学，2019．
	WANG J Y ．Research on rotor design and charge-discharge control of high-power flywheel energy storage system[D]．Beijing：North China Electric Power University，2019．
[8]	刘畅，黄杨，杨昕然，等．计及储能及负荷转供协同调度的城市电网弹性运行策略[J]．电力系统保护与控制，2021，49(6)：56-66．
	LIU C， HUANG Y， YANG X R，et al ．Flexible operation strategy of an urban transmission network considering energy storage systems and load transfer characteristics[J]．Power System Protection and Control，2021，49(6)：56-66．
[9]	刘泽健，杨苹，林旭，等．基于海上风力发电机组中虚拟飞轮储能系统的频率支撑协调控制策略[J]．智慧电力，2024，52(2)：101-107．
	LIU Z J， YANG P， LIN X，et al ．Coordination control strategy for frequency support based on virtual flywheel energy storage system in offshore wind turbines[J]．Smart Power，2024，52(2)：101-107．
[10]	唐卫华，陈长青，史清芳，等．基于数据分解的“飞轮+锂电”混合储能系统辅助风电调频容量配置研究[J]．电网与清洁能源，2025，41(9)：132-140．
	TANG W H， CHEN C Q， SHI Q F，et al ．Research on frequency modulation capacity allocation of wind power assisted by“flywheel+lithium”hybrid energy storage system based on data decomposition[J]．Power System and Clean Energy，2025，41(9)：132-140．
[11]	邓霞，孙威，肖海伟．储能电池参与一次调频的综合控制方法[J]．高电压技术，2018，44(4)：1157-1165．
	DENG X， SUN W， XIAO H W ．Integrated control strategy of battery energy storage system in primary frequency regulation[J]．High Voltage Engineering，2018，44(4)：1157-1165．
[12]	PANDŽIĆ H， BOBANAC V ．An accurate charging model of battery energy storage[J]．IEEE Transactions on Power Systems，2019，34(2)：1416-1426． doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2018.2876466
[13]	马智慧，李欣然，谭庄熙，等．考虑储能调频死区的一次调频控制方法[J]．电工技术学报，2019，34(10)：2102-2115．
	MA Z H， LI X R， TAN Z X，et al ．Integrated control of primary frequency regulation considering dead band of energy storage[J]．Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society，2019，34(10)：2102-2115．
[14]	LI P， TAN Z， ZHOU Y，et al ． Secondary frequency regulation strategy with fuzzy logic method and self-adaptive modification of state of charge[J]．IEEE Access，2018，6：43575-43585． doi:10.1109/access.2018.2859354
[15]	李东东，陈治廷，徐波，等．考虑一次调频死区的风储协同调频机理分析及死区参数优化[J]．电力系统保护与控制，2024，52(4)：38-47．
	LI D D， CHEN Z T， XU B，et al ．Mechanism analysis and optimal dead zone parameter of wind-storage combined frequency regulation considering primary frequency regulation dead zone[J]．Power System Protection and Control，2024，52(4)：38-47．
[16]	代本谦，兀鹏越，王海波，等．飞轮储能辅助火电一次调频技术与应用[J]．热力发电，2024，53(3)：81-88．
	DAI B Q， WU P Y， WANG H B，et al ．Primary frequency modulation technology of flywheel energy storage assisted thermal power plant[J]．Thermal Power Generation，2024，53(3)：81-88．
[17]	杜鸣．火电机组灵活运行下的负荷频率控制优化研究[D]．北京：华北电力大学，2021．
	DU M ．Study on optimization of load frequency control under flexible operation of thermal power unit[D]．Beijing：North China Electric Power University，2021．
[18]	唐平．660 MW核电机组一次调频实验及动态特性仿真分析[J]．发电技术，2023，44(6)：833-841．
	TANG P ．Experiment and dynamic characteristics simulation of primary frequency regulation of a 660 MW nuclear power unit[J]．Power Generation Technology，2023，44(6)：833-841．
[19]	沈烨昱，牛玉广，杜鸣，等．基于分频和自适应死区控制的火电机组一次调频策略[J]．科学技术与工程，2023，23(36)：15498-15505．
	SHEN Y Y， NIU Y G， DU M，et al ．Primary frequency regulation strategy for thermal power units based on frequency division and adaptive deadband control[J]．Science Technology and Engineering，2023，23(36)：15498-15505．
[20]	王明东，杨岙迪，李龙好，等．基于VSG下垂优化控制的新能源电力系统惯性提升[J]．郑州大学学报(工学版)，2024，45(3)：127-133．
	WANG M D， YANG A D， LI L H，et al ．Inertia lifting of new energy power system based on VSG droop optimal control[J]．Journal of Zhengzhou University (Engineering Science)，2024，45(3)：127-133．
[21]	杨锡勇，张仰飞，林纲，等．考虑需求响应的源荷储多时间尺度协同优化调度策略[J]．发电技术，2023，44(2)：253-260．
	YANG X Y， ZHANG Y F， LIN G，et al ．Multi-time scale collaborative optimal scheduling strategy for source-load-storage considering demand response[J]．Power Generation Technology，2023，44(2)：253-260．
[22]	武海维，谢德清，徐雨红，等．基于线性分解的混合储能辅助火电机组调频控制[J]．电工技术，2023(20)：13-15．
	WU H W， XIE D Q， XU Y H，et al ．Linear decomposition-based frequency modulation control utilizing thermal power units and assisted by hybrid energy storage[J]．Electric Engineering，2023(20)：13-15．
[23]	严干贵，王铭岐，段双明，等．考虑荷电状态恢复的储能一次调频控制策略[J]．电力系统自动化，2022，46(21)：52-61．
	YAN G G， WANG M Q， DUAN S M，et al ．Primary frequency regulation control strategy of energy storage considering state of charge recovery[J]．Automation of Electric Power Systems，2022，46(21)：52-61．
[24]	高卓．高风电渗透率下储能参与系统一次调频控制策略[D]．吉林：东北电力大学，2021．
	GAO Z ．Primary frequency modulation control strategy of energy storage participating system under high wind power permeability[D]．Jilin：Northeast Dianli University，2021．