Optimization Scheduling of Integrated Energy Systems in Communities Based on Demand Response and Stackelberg Game

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.24144

Abstract

Abstract:

Objectives With the continuous growth of demand-side response resources, traditional energy scheduling models struggle to meet the system requirements of high penetration levels of renewable energy. To achieve the rational allocation of multiple energy sources within a community, this study proposes an energy trading strategy based on demand-side response from users, aiming to optimize energy scheduling in smart community. Methods For a residential community with multiple buildings, this study coordinates distributed photovoltaics, energy storage systems, and flexible loads. A two-stage scheduling optimization model is established using the Stackelberg game framework based on pricing interactions between community operators and user load aggregators. Results Simulation results show that, compared to the traditional heat-determined power strategy, the proposed model reduces operational costs by 40.22% and increases photovoltaic utilization by 22.57%. Compared to the conventional cost-optimal operation strategy, the proposed model results in a 29.66% reduction in operational costs and a 6.78% increase in photovoltaic utilization. Conclusions The proposed strategy demonstrates excellent performance in achieving equitable benefit distribution, mitigating power fluctuations, flexibly meeting peak-load demands, enhancing renewable energy integration, and ensuring grid operational security.

Key words: renewable energy, integrated energy system, demand-side response, Stackelberg game, energy trading, scheduling strategy, smart community, power mutual support

CLC Number:

TK 01

Langbo HOU, Hao SUN, Heng CHEN, Yue GAO. Optimization Scheduling of Integrated Energy Systems in Communities Based on Demand Response and Stackelberg Game[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(2): 219-230.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of integrated energy system in smart community

Fig. 2 System energy trading network

Fig. 3 Diagram of community network structure with three connected buildings

Tab. 1 Relevant parameters of system equipment

参数	数值
天然气单位热值价格/[元/(kW⋅h)]	0.25
微型燃气轮机容量/kW	100
微型燃气轮机散热损失率	0.05
微型燃气轮机制热系数	0.92
微型燃气轮机发电效率	0.37
储能电池最大充电率	0.20
储能电池最大放电率	0.40
储能电池充放电效率	0.95
储能电池容量/(kW⋅h)	240

Fig. 4 Initial electrical and thermal loads and photovoltaic forecast power of buildings

Fig. 5 Power distribution under strategy 1

Fig. 6 Power distribution under strategy 2

Fig. 7 Electricity and heat prices set by community operators

Fig. 8 Power distribution under strategy 3

Fig. 9 Comparison of results under three strategies

References 40

1	许洪华，邵桂萍，鄂春良，等．我国未来能源系统及能源转型现实路径研究[J]．发电技术，2023，44(4)：484-491． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.23002
	XU H H， SHAO G P， E C L，et al ．Research on China’s future energy system and the realistic path of energy transformation[J]．Power Generation Technology，2023，44(4)：484-491． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.23002
2	崔茗莉，冯天天，刘利利．双碳目标下区块链与可再生能源的融合发展研究[J]．智慧电力，2024，52(2)：17-24．
	CUI M L， FENG T T， LIU L L ．Integration and development of blockchain and renewable energy under double carbon target[J]．Smart Power，2024，52(2)：17-24．
3	张雷，刘琦，赵晓丽，等．电力需求增长和负荷灵活性提升视角下的风光资源密集地区可再生能源消纳研究[J]．全球能源互联网，2024，7(4)：454-462．
	ZHANG L， LIU Q， ZHAO X L，et al ．Research on renewable energy penetration in wind and solar resource-intensive areas from the perspective of power demand growth and load flexibility enhancement[J]．Journal of Global Energy Interconnection，2024，7(4)：454-462．
4	张力菠，吴一锴，王群伟．考虑碳中和目标与成本优化的可再生能源大规模发展规划[J]．广东电力，2023，36(7)：31-39．
	ZHANG L B， WU Y K， WANG Q W ．Large-scale development of renewable energy in consideration of carbon neutrality and cost optimization[J]．Guangdong Electric Power，2023，36(7)：31-39．
5	彭道刚，税纪钧，王丹豪，等．“双碳”背景下虚拟电厂研究综述[J]．发电技术，2023，44(5)：602-615．
	PENG D G， SHUI J J， WANG D H，et al ．Review of virtual power plant under the background of “dual carbon”[J]．Power Generation Technology，2023，44(5)：602-615．
6	文云峰，郭创新，郭剑波，等．多区互联电力系统的分散协调风险调度方法[J]．中国电机工程学报，2015，35(14)：3724-3733．
	WEN Y F， GUO C X， GUO J B，et al ．Coordinated decentralized risk-based dispatch of multi-area interconnected power systems[J]．Proceedings of the CSEE，2015，35(14)：3724-3733．
7	许中阳，宋晓通．含高比例清洁能源的微电网多目标优化调度策略[J]．分布式能源，2023，8(2)：19-25．
	XU Z Y， SONG X T ．Multi-objective optimal scheduling strategy for microgrid with high permeability clean energy[J]．Distributed Energy，2023，8(2)：19-25．
8	王鹤，刘子悦，边竞，等．面向高比例分布式能源接入的输配网两阶段风险调度研究[J]．电网与清洁能源，2024，40(1)：119-129．
	WANG H， LIU Z Y， BIAN J，et al ．Research on two-stage risk scheduling for transmission and distribution power grids with high proportion of distributed energy access[J]．Power System and Clean Energy，2024，40(1)：119-129．
9	林顺富，张琪，沈运帷，等．面向灵活爬坡服务的高比例新能源电力系统可调节资源优化调度模型[J]．电力系统保护与控制，2024，52(2)：90-100．
	LIN S F， ZHANG Q， SHEN Y W，et al ．Optimal dispatch model of adjustable resources in a power system with high proportion of renewable energy for flexible ramping product[J]．Power System Protection and Control，2024，52(2)：90-100．
10	程杉，傅桐，李沣洋，等．含高渗透可再生能源的配电网灵活性供需协同规划[J]．电力系统保护与控制，2023，51(22)：1-12．
	CHENG S， FU T， LI F Y，et al ．Flexible supply demand collaborative planning for distribution networks with high penetration of renewable energy[J]．Power System Protection and Control，2023，51(22)：1-12．
11	张宁，朱昊，杨凌霄，等．考虑可再生能源消纳的多能互补虚拟电厂优化调度策略[J]．发电技术，2023，44(5)：625-633．
	ZHANG N， ZHU H， YANG L X，et al ．Optimal scheduling strategy of multi-energy complementary virtual power plant considering renewable energy consumption[J]．Power Generation Technology，2023，44(5)：625-633．
12	魏子强，温鹏，梁志，等．计及需求响应比例的园区综合能源系统低碳经济调度方法[J]．太阳能学报，2023，44(10)：38-45．
	WEI Z Q， WEN P， LIANG Z，et al ．Low carbon economic dispatching method of park integrated energy system considering proportion of demand response[J]．Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica，2023，44(10)：38-45．
13	徐涛，王樊云．电力需求响应实施现状综述及展望[J]．分布式能源，2024，9(3)：1-11．
	XU T， WANG F Y ．Review and prospect of power demand response implementation[J]．Distributed Energy，2024，9(3)：1-11．
14	陈湘元，吴公平，龙卓，等．考虑源荷不确定性及用户侧需求响应的综合能源系统多时间尺度优化调度[J]．电力科学与技术学报，2024，39(3)：217-227．
	CHEN X Y， WU G P， LONG Z，et al ．Multi-time scale optimal dispatch of integrated energy systems considering source-load uncertainty and user-side demand response[J]．Journal of Electric Power Science and Technology，2024，39(3)：217-227．
15	吴艳娟，张亦炫，王云亮．计及多重需求响应的综合能源系统多时间尺度低碳运行[J]．电力工程技术，2024，43(2)：21-32．
	WU Y J， ZHANG Y X， WANG Y L ．Multi-time scale low carbon operation integrated energy system considering multiple integrated demand responses[J]．Electric Power Engineering Technology，2024，43(2)：21-32．
16	晏鸣宇，王玲玲，滕飞，等．面向分布式能源的可交易能源市场研究综述与展望[J]．电力系统自动化，2023，47(18)：33-48．
	YAN M Y， WANG L L， TENG F，et al ．Review and prospect of transactive energy market for distributed energy resources[J]．Automation of Electric Power Systems，2023，47(18)：33-48．
17	朱丹丹，贾勇勇，周前．考虑负荷聚合商资源灵活度的荷源协调优化调度方法[J]．浙江电力，2024，43(4)：12-20．
	ZHU D D， JIA Y Y， ZHOU Q ．A load-source coordinated scheduling method based on resource flexibility of load aggregators[J]．Zhejiang Electric Power，2024，43(4)：12-20．
18	王秀慧，赵浩辰，谭忠富．计及负荷聚合商的综合能源系统双层主从博弈运行优化[J]．可再生能源，2023，41(11)：1554-1562．
	WANG X H， ZHAO H C， TAN Z F ．Optimization study of integrated energy system hierarchical Stackelberg game operation with load aggregator[J]．Renewable Energy Resources，2023，41(11)：1554-1562．
19	朱永灿，石琳，褚夏永，等．面向负荷聚合商的工业用户调峰潜力评估方法研究[J]．广东电力，2023，36(9)：17-25．
	ZHU Y C， SHI L， CHU X Y，et al ．Research on peaking potential evaluation method of industrial enterprises for load aggregators[J]．Guangdong Electric Power，2023，36(9)：17-25．
20	陈彦奇，刘康祥，赵鑫，等．基于阶梯型碳交易机制的综合能源系统低碳经济调度[J]．动力工程学报，2023，43(7)：901-909．
	CHEN Y Q， LIU K X， ZHAO X，et al ．Low-carbon economic dispatch of integrated energy system based on ladder-type carbon trading mechanism[J]．Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering，2023，43(7)：901-909．
21	梅文卿，刘晓峰，王嘉诚，等．基于势博弈的负荷聚合商日前市场动态定价模型[J]．综合智慧能源，2023，45(11)：62-69．
	MEI W Q， LIU X F， WANG J C，et al ．A day-ahead market pricing model for load aggregators based on potential game[J]．Integrated Intelligent Energy，2023，45(11)：62-69．
22	BARONE G， BUONOMANO A， FORZANO C，et al ．The role of energy communities in electricity grid balancing：a flexible tool for smart grid power distribution optimization[J]．Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews，2023，187：113742． doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113742
23	CHREIM B， ESSEGHIR M， MERGHEM-BOULAHIA L ．Energy management in residential communities with shared storage based on multi-agent systems：application to smart grids[J]．Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence，2023，126：106886． doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106886
24	CERNA F V， POURAKBARI-KASMAEI M， BARROS R G，et al ．Optimal operating scheme of neighborhood energy storage communities to improve power grid performance in smart cities[J]．Applied Energy，2023，331：120411． doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120411
25	朱浩昊，朱继忠，李盛林，等．基于Benders分解和纳什议价的分布式热电联合优化调度[J]．电工技术学报，2023，38(21)：5808-5820．
	ZHU H H， ZHU J Z， LI S L，et al ．Distributed combined heat and power optimal scheduling based on benders decomposition and Nash bargaining[J]．Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society，2023，38(21)：5808-5820．
26	LU S， GU W， ZHOU S Y，et al ．High-resolution modeling and decentralized dispatch of heat and electricity integrated energy system[J]．IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy，2020，11(3)：1451-1463． doi:10.1109/tste.2019.2927637
27	李咸善，李晨杰，张磊．氢耦合区域综合能源系统集群双层博弈随机优化调度策略[J]．电力自动化设备，2023，43(12)：238-247．
	LI X S， LI C J， ZHANG L ．Dispatching strategy of hydrogen-coupled regional integrated energy system cluster based on two-level game stochastic optimization[J]．Electric Power Automation Equipment，2023，43(12)：238-247．
28	丁衡，胡慧，曹越，等．基于改进灰狼算法的热电联供系统负荷优化分配策略研究[J]．动力工程学报，2023，43(11)：1515-1522．
	DING H， HU H， CAO Y，et al ．Research on load optimal distribution strategy of combined heat and power system based on improved gray wolf algorithm[J]．Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering，2023，43(11)：1515-1522．
29	杨畅，李正烁，薛屹洵，等．基于双步投影算法的多区域互联电热综合能源系统的三层分布式可信分布鲁棒优化调度[J/OL]．中国电机工程学报，2023：1-14．(2023-12-04)．．
	YANG C， LI Z S， XUE Y X，et al ．Three-layer distributed credible distributed robust optimal scheduling of multi-area interconnected electrothermal integrated energy system based on two-step projection algorithm[J/OL]．China Industrial Economics，2023：1-14．(2023-12-04)．．
30	王晓鹰，徐婧，杨兆宇，等．考虑碳排放的孤岛综合能源系统多目标规划优化[J]．热力发电，2023，52(10)：129-137．
	WANG X Y， XU J， YANG Z Y，et al ．Research on multi-objective planning optimization of islanded integrated energy system concerning carbon emissions[J]．Thermal Power Generation，2023，52(10)：129-137．
31	杨旭英，周明，李庚银．智能电网下需求响应机理分析与建模综述[J]．电网技术，2016，40(1)：220-226．
	YANG X Y， ZHOU M， LI G Y ．Survey on demand response mechanism and modeling in smart grid[J]．Power System Technology，2016，40(1)：220-226．
32	傅质馨，李紫嫣，朱俊澎，等．“双碳”目标下需求侧管理机制研究综述及展望[J]．电力信息与通信技术，2023，21(2)：1-12．
	FU Z X， LI Z Y， ZHU J P，et al ．Overview and prospect of demand side management mechanism under “dual carbon” goal[J]．Electric Power Information and Communication Technology，2023，21(2)：1-12．
33	李金超，鹿世强，兰心怡，等．计及需求响应动态特性的分布式智能电网运行优化方法研究[J]．电网与清洁能源，2024，40(8)：103-111．
	LI J C， LU S Q， LAN X Y，et al ．Research on optimization of distributed smart grid operation considering dynamic characteristics of demand response[J]．Power System and Clean Energy，2024，40(8)：103-111．
34	陈正建，张清，李世友，等．智能楼宇场景下能量流运行优化调度[J]．节能技术，2021，39(6)：551-555．
	CHEN Z J， ZHANG Q， LI S Y，et al ．Optimal scheduling of energy flow operation in intelligent building scenario[J]．Energy Conservation Technology，2021，39(6)：551-555．
35	易文飞，张潼，岳东，等．考虑不确定性的楼宇综合能源系统日前调度[J]．电力工程技术，2024，43(4)：166-176．
	YI W F， ZHANG T， YUE D，et al ．Day-ahead scheduling of building integrated energy system considering uncertainty[J]．Electric Power Engineering Technology，2024，43(4)：166-176．
36	胥栋，李逸超，李赟，等．基于深度强化学习的多能流楼宇低碳调度方法[J]．浙江电力，2024，43(2)：126-136．
	XU D， LI Y C， LI Y，et al ．A low-carbon scheduling method for multi-energy flow buildings based on deep reinforcement learning[J]．Zhejiang Electric Power，2024，43(2)：126-136．
37	程杉，陈诺，徐建宇，等．考虑综合需求响应的楼宇综合能源系统能量管理优化[J]．电力工程技术，2023，42(2)：40-47．
	CHENG S， CHEN N， XU J Y，et al ．Optimal energy management of residential integrated energy system with consideration of integrated demand response[J]．Electric Power Engineering Technology，2023，42(2)：40-47．
38	吴界辰，艾欣，张艳，等．配售分离环境下高比例分布式能源园区电能日前优化调度[J]．电网技术，2018，42(6)：1709-1719．
	WU J C， AI X， ZHANG Y，et al ．Day-ahead optimal scheduling for high penetration of distributed energy resources in community under separated distribution and retail operational environment[J]．Power System Technology，2018，42(6)：1709-1719．
39	李咸善，方子健，李飞，等．含多微电网租赁共享储能的配电网博弈优化调度[J]．中国电机工程学报，2022，42(18)：6611-6625．
	LI X S， FANG Z J， LI F，et al ．Game-based optimal dispatching strategy for distribution network with multiple microgrids leasing shared energy storage[J]．Proceedings of the CSEE，2022，42(18)：6611-6625．
40	赵鑫，郑文禹，侯智华，等．基于粒子群优化算法的多能互补系统经济调度研究[J]．华电技术，2021，43(4)：14-20．
	ZHAO X， ZHENG W Y， HOU Z H，et al ．Research on economic dispatch of multi-energy complementary system based on Particle Swarm Optimization[J]．Huadian Technology，2021，43(4)：14-20．

[1]	Hui HOU, Yan WANG, Chao LIU, Wei ZHANG, Yangjun ZHOU, Zhengmao LI, Zhengtian LI, Xiangning LIN. Optimization Scheduling of Cold-Heat-Electricity Integrated Energy System Under Pumped Storage Gray Start [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(2): 209-218.
[2]	Shanying HU, Yong JIN, Zhenye ZHANG. Developing New Quality Productive Forces to Achieve Carbon Neutrality [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(1): 1-8.
[3]	Guoqin LAN, Ye LU, Yansheng KAN, Jiguang ZHANG, Huanhuan WANG, Fang ZHONG, Chengcai WANG, Liming XIAO, Zhaoyang WANG. Research on the Development Trends and Countermeasures of Integrated Energy Services [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(1): 19-30.
[4]	Lu CUI, Shilin LIU, Wan MIAO, Qing WANG. Optimized Operation Strategy of Wind-Solar-Storage Integrated Charging Station Considering Power-to-Hydrogen and Demand Response [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(1): 31-41.
[5]	Weiquan TU, Hui LI, Zheng WAN. Research on Short-Term Forecasting of Multiple Loads in Integrated Energy Systems Based on Composite Correlation Coefficients [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(1): 9-18.
[6]	Lidong ZHANG, Hao TIE, Huiwen LIU, Qinwei LI, Wenxin TIAN, Xiuyong ZHAO, Zihan CHANG. Experimental Study on the Influence of Wind Turbine Yaw on Wake Evolution [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(6): 1153-1162.
[7]	Yushen WANG, Haoyong CHEN, Yuxiang HUANG, Xiaobin WU, Yanjin ZHU, Jianbin ZHANG. Robust Optimal Scheduling Strategy for Virtual Power Plant Participation in Electric Energy and Demand Response Markets Under Multiple Uncertainties [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(6): 1173-1185.
[8]	Wen LI, Fanpeng BU, Xiaotong ZHANG, Chuangdong YANG, Jing ZHANG. Optimal Operation Method of Electric-Hydrogen Hybrid Energy Storage Microgrid System Based on Typical Commercial Operation Mode [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(6): 1186-1200.
[9]	Renbo WU, Yijun HUANG. Research on Reconfiguration Strategy of Distributed Distribution Network With Self-Healing Performance Under High-Proportion Renewable Energy Access [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(5): 975-982.
[10]	Chengping HU, Ming FAN, Aiwang LIU, Yunhui SHI. Multi-Area Interconnected Integrated Energy System Planning Considering Cloud Energy Storage [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(4): 641-650.
[11]	Zhenyu ZHAO, Geriletu BAO, Xinxin LI. Optimization and Scheduling of Integrated Energy Systems With Carbon Capture and Storage-Power to Gas Based on Information Gap Decision Theory [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(4): 651-665.
[12]	Weijie WANG, Xinjie ZENG, Yuantu XU, Shuyi LI, Canhua RUAN, Ning TONG, Xiaomei WU. Renewable Energy Distribution Network Overcurrent Protection Based on Positive-Sequence Sudden-Change Component Locus Identification [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(4): 753-764.
[13]	Daogang PENG, Jijun SHUI, Danhao WANG, Huirong ZHAO. Review of Virtual Power Plant Under the Background of “Dual Carbon” [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(5): 602-615.
[14]	Ning ZHANG, Hao ZHU, Lingxiao YANG, Cungang HU. Optimal Scheduling Strategy of Multi-Energy Complementary Virtual Power Plant Considering Renewable Energy Consumption [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(5): 625-633.
[15]	Yu LAN, Yan LONG, Zhehao ZHANG, Jingang RUAN. Technical and Economic Feasibility of Inter-Provincial Supply of Renewable Energy Hydrogen Production [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(4): 473-483.