Research Progress on Hydrated Salt-Based Inorganic Composite Phase Change Materials and Their Applications in Battery Thermal Management

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.24117

Abstract

Abstract:

Objectives Phase change heat storage technology is one of the most concerned energy storage and management techniques in recent years, which is of great significance to realize the comprehensive gradient utilization of energy and improve the efficiency of energy utilization. Hydrated salt-based inorganic composite phase change material (PCM) exhibits significant potential for energy storage and thermal management. This review analyzes the physical properties of materials and the application in battery thermal management, to clarify the technical challenges faced in improving properties and applications. The corresponding improvement strategies are proposed to promote the application of hydrated salt-based inorganic composite PCM. Methods By analyzing the research results of hydrated salt PCM at home and abroad in recent years, the improvement effects of additives modification and reasonable encapsulation on the inherent defects such as supercooling, phase separation and liquid phase leakage of hydrated salt PCM, as well as the effects on phase change temperature, latent heat, thermal conductivity and thermal cycle stability are discussed. Results The modification technology significantly improves the inherent defects of the hydrated salt PCM, and significantly improves the thermal conductivity and thermal cycle stability of the material. Furthermore, hydrated salt-based inorganic composite PCM demonstrates excellent performance in lithium-ion battery thermal management, significantly lowering the maximum temperature and temperature differential, thereby improving overall battery performance and safety. Conclusions The large-scale application of hydrated salt-based inorganic composite PCM still faces challenges related to thermal stability and cost. Future research should further optimize the composition and structure of these materials, develop new encapsulation materials and additives, and comprehensively improve the overall performance of the materials. Particularly in the area of thermal management for lithium-ion batteries, it is crucial to strengthen the coupling research between the thermal physical characteristics of the materials and the electrochemical performance of the batteries, and provide sufficient theoretical and experimental basis for designing efficient and safe battery thermal management systems.

Key words: phase change heat storage, hydrated salt, composite phase change materials, lithium-ion battery, battery thermal management, thermal runaway protection, additives, encapsulation materials

CLC Number:

TK 02

Sen WANG, Liqun MA, Wenjie HOU, Zhoujian AN, Dong ZHANG, Hamir Johan Mombeki Pea. Research Progress on Hydrated Salt-Based Inorganic Composite Phase Change Materials and Their Applications in Battery Thermal Management[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(1): 42-57.

Figures/Tables 14

References 95

1	MEHRALI M， ELSHOF J E TEN， SHAHI M，et al ．Simultaneous solar-thermal energy harvesting and storage via shape stabilized salt hydrate phase change material[J]．Chemical Engineering Journal，2021，405：126624． doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126624
2	郝宁，蒋俊，刘传亮，等．大型中温斜温层储水罐蓄热性能分析[J]．电力科技与环保，2024，40(6)：635-645．
	HAO N， JIANG J， LIU C L，et al ．Analysis of heat storage performance of large medium-temperature thermocline water storage tank[J]．Electric Power Technology and Environmental Protection，2024，40(6)：635-645．
3	左超文，王樊云，陈洁．考虑需求响应的光热电站热电联供型微网分层优化调度[J]．分布式能源，2024，9(2)：63-73．
	ZUO C W， WANG F Y， CHEN J ．Hierarchical optimization scheduling of combined heat and power microgrid for photothermal power station considering demand response[J]．Distributed Energy，2024，9(2)：63-73．
4	来振亚，侯成龙，陈嘉映，等．颗粒堆积床显热储能技术概述[J]．分布式能源，2024，9(3)：12-20．
	LAI Z Y， HOU C L， CHEN J Y，et al ．Overview of sensible heat energy storage technology for particle packed bed[J]．Distributed Energy，2024，9(3)：12-20．
5	王泽众，黄平瑞，魏高升，等．太阳能热发电固-气两相化学储热技术研究进展[J]．发电技术，2021，42(2)：238-246．
	WANG Z Z， HUANG P R， WEI G S，et al ．Research progress of solid-gas two-phase chemical heat storage technology for solar thermal power generation[J]．Power Generation Technology，2021，42(2)：238-246．
6	顾正萌，蒋世希，吴家荣，等．CaO/Ca(OH)₂体系热化学储能应用关键问题的讨论[J]．电力科技与环保，2023，39(4)：285-291． doi:10.1023/a:1023840102689
	GU Z M， JIANG S X， WU J R，et al ．A discussion of key issues for the application of CaO/Ca(OH)₂ system thermochemical energy storage[J]．Electric Power Technology and Environmental Protection，2023，. 39(4)：285-291．doi:10.1023/a:1023840102689
7	高剑晨，赵炳晨，何峰，等．六水硝酸镁相变储热复合材料改性制备及储/放热性能研究[J]．化工学报，2021，72(6)：3328-3337．
	GAO J C， ZHAO B C， HE F，et al ．Preparation and investigation of the thermal charging and discharging of modified magnesium nitrate hexahydrate composite phase change material[J]．CIESC Journal，2021，72(6)：3328-3337．
8	郭学伯，范良迟，许浈婧，等．助力节能降碳的相变储热材料研究和应用进展[J]．发电技术，2023，. doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22001
	44(2)：201-212． GUO X B， FAN L C， XU Z J，et al ．Research and application progress of phase change thermal energy storage materials for energy saving and carbon reduction[J]．Power Generation Technology，2023，44(2)：201-212． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22001
9	CONG L， ZOU B， PALACIOS A，et al ．Thickening and gelling agents for formulation of thermal energy storage materials：a critical review[J]．Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews，2022，155：111906． doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111906
10	徐阳，唐桢馥，张晓晶，等．锂离子电池不同冷却方式及浸没式冷却液综合对比分析[J]．广东电力，2024，37(9)：45-55．
	XU Y， TANG Z F， ZHANG X J，et al ．Comprehensive comparison of different cooling methods and immersion cooling liquids for lithium-ion batteries[J]．Guangdong Electric Power，2024，37(9)：45-55．
11	张静姝，刘倩，姚晓乐，等．应用于锂离子电池无源热管理与安全防护的水合盐复合相变材料[J]．发电技术：1-12．． doi:10.1016/j.enss.2024.08.003
	ZHANG J S， LIU Q， YAO X L，et al ．Hydrated salt composite phase change materials for passive thermal management and safety protection of lithium-ion batteries[J]．Power Generation Technology：1-12．． doi:10.1016/j.enss.2024.08.003
12	MAN X， LU H， XU Q，et al ．Review on the thermal property enhancement of inorganic salt hydrate phase change materials[J]．Journal of Energy Storage，2023，72：108699． doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.108699
13	ZOU T， FU W， LIANG X，et al ．Preparation and performance of modified calcium chloride hexahydrate composite phase change material for air-conditioning cold storage[J]．International Journal of Refrigeration，2018，95：175-181． doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.08.001
14	LIU Y， LIU W， ZHANG S，et al ．Preparation and characterization of new nano-particle mixed as thermal storage material[J]．Applied Thermal Engineering，2019，163：114386． doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114386
15	FU W， ZOU T， LIANG X，et al ．Characterization and thermal performance of microencapsulated sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate as phase change material for thermal energy storage[J]．Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells，2019，193：149-156． doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2019.01.007
16	吴丽梅，刘庆欣，王晓龙，等．相变储能材料研究进展[J]．材料导报，2021，35(S1)：501-506．
	WU L M， LIU Q X， WANG X L，et al ．Research progress of phase change energy storage materials[J]．Materials Reports，2021，35(S1)：501-506．
17	LIU Y， ZHENG R， LI J ．High latent heat phase change materials (PCMs) with low melting temperature for thermal management and storage of electronic devices and power batteries：critical review[J]．Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews，2022，168：112783． doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112783
18	NAZIR H， BATOOL M， BOLIVAR OSORIO F J，et al ．Recent developments in phase change materials for energy storage applications：a review[J]．International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer，2019，129：491-523． doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.09.126
19	YU K， LIU Y， YANG Y ．Review on form-stable inorganic hydrated salt phase change materials：preparation，characterization and effect on the thermophysical properties[J]．Applied Energy，2021，292：116845． doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116845
20	王成君，段志英，王爱军，等．基于共晶系相变材料的研究进展[J]．材料导报，2021，35(13)：13058-13066．
	WANG C J， DUAN Z Y， WANG A J，et al ．Research progress of eutectic phase change materials[J]．Materials Reports，2021，35(13)：13058-13066．
21	WU M Q， WU S， CAI Y F，et al ．Form-stable phase change composites：preparation，performance，and applications for thermal energy conversion，storage and management[J]．Energy Storage Materials，2021，42：380-417． doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2021.07.019
22	陶文，张毅，孔祥法，等．无机水合盐相变材料过冷度抑制方法的研究进展[J]．过程工程学报，2020，20(6)：619-627．
	TAO W， ZHANG Y， KONG X F，et al ．Research progress on supercooling degree suppression of inorganic hydrated salt phase change materials[J]．The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering，2020，20(6)：619-627．
23	吴东灵，李廷贤，何峰，等．三水醋酸钠相变储能复合材料改性制备及储/放热特性[J]．化工学报，2018，69(7)：2860-2868．
	WU D L， LI T X， HE F，et al ．Preparation and performance of modified sodium acetate trihydrate composite phase change material for thermal energy storage[J]．CIESC Journal，2018，69(7)：2860-2868．
24	ZHANG N， YUAN Y， CAO X，et al ．Latent heat thermal energy storage systems with solid-liquid phase change materials：a review[J]．Advanced Engineering Materials，2018，20(6)：1700753． doi:10.1002/adem.201700753
25	MOHAMED S A， AL-SULAIMAN F A， IBRAHIM N I，et al ．A review on current status and challenges of inorganic phase change materials for thermal energy storage systems[J]．Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews，2017，70：1072-1089． doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.012
26	YANG Z， YANG Z， LI J，et al ．Design of diatomite-based hydrated salt composites with low supercooling degree and enhanced heat transfer for thermal energy storage[J]．International Journal of Energy Research，2019，43(13)：7058-7074． doi:10.1002/er.4725
27	马颖，刘益才，朱晓涵，等．环境温度对无机水合盐相变材料过冷行为的影响机理[J]．中南大学学报(自然科学版)，2017，48(7)：1930-1935．
	MA Y， LIU Y C， ZHU X H，et al ．Influence mechanism of ambient temperature on inorganic salt hydrate PCM subcooling behavior[J]．Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)，2017，48(7)：1930-1935．
28	MUNYALO J M， ZHANG X， XU X ．Experimental investigation on supercooling，thermal conductivity and stability of nanofluid based composite phase change material[J]．Journal of Energy Storage，2018，17：47-55． doi:10.1016/j.est.2018.02.006
29	李秋玫，季旭，兰青，等．无机水合盐相变储热材料的过冷及导热性能研究进展[J]．云南师范大学学报(自然科学版)，2021，41(1)：19-24．
	LI Q M， JI X， LAN Q，et al ．Research progress on supercooling and thermal conductivity of inorganic hydrated salt phase change heat storage materials[J]．Journal of Yunnan Normal University (Natural Sciences Edition)，2021，41(1)：19-24．
30	华维三，章学来，韩兴超，等．改性三水合乙酸钠的制备及成核稳定性分析[J]．太阳能学报，2020，41(10)：215-222．
	HUA W S， ZHANG X L， HAN X C，et al ．Preparation and nucleation stability analysis of modified sodium acetate trihydrate[J]．Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica，2020，41(10)：215-222．
31	何媚质，杨鲁伟，张振涛．无机相变材料CaCl₂⋅6H₂O的过冷特性[J]．化工学报，2017，68(11)：4016-4024．
	HE M Z， YANG L W， ZHANG Z T ．Supercooling characteristics of inorganic phase change material CaCl₂⋅6H₂O[J]．CIESC Journal，2017，68(11)：4016-4024．
32	ZHANG Y， ZHANG X ．Thermal properties of a new type of calcium chloride hexahydrate-magnesium chloride hexahydrate/expanded graphite composite phase change material and its application in photovoltaic heat dissipation[J]．Solar Energy，2020，204：683-695． doi:10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.037
33	曾最，罗凯，叶伟梁，等．十二水磷酸氢二钠相变储能材料研究进展[J]．化工进展，2022，41(2)：827-836． doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-0607
	ZENG Z， LUO K， YE W L，et al ．Research progress of disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate phase change material[J]．Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress，2022，41(2)：827-836． doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-0607
34	LI X， ZHOU Y， NIAN H，et al ．Advanced nanocomposite phase change material based on calcium chloride hexahydrate with aluminum oxide nanoparticles for thermal energy storage[J]．Energy & Fuels，2017，31(6)：6560-6567． doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00851
35	LIU Y， YANG Y ．Use of nano-α-Al₂O₃ to improve binary eutectic hydrated salt as phase change material[J]．Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells，2017，160：18-25． doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.09.050
36	FASHANDI M， LEUNG S N ．Sodium acetate trihydrate-chitin nanowhisker nanocomposites with enhanced phase change performance for thermal energy storage[J]．Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells，2018，178：259-265． doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2018.01.037
37	ZAHIR M H， MOHAMED S A， SAIDUR R，et al ．Supercooling of phase-change materials and the techniques used to mitigate the phenomenon[J]．Applied Energy，2019，240：793-817． doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.045
38	ZHANG Y， ZHANG X， XU X，et al ．Preparation and characterization of sodium sulfate pentahydrate/sodium pyrophosphate composite phase change energy storage materials[J]．Journal of Molecular Liquids，2019，280：360-366． doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.127
39	陈跃，纪珺，徐笑锋，等．十二水磷酸氢二钠纳米复合相变材料的过冷特性[J]．化工进展，2018，37(7)：2734-2739．
	CHEN Y， JI J， XU X F，et al ．Supercooling characteristics of disodium hydrogen phosphate nano-composites phase change materials[J]．Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress，2018，37(7)：2734-2739．
40	BAO X， YANG H， XU X，et al ．Development of a stable inorganic phase change material for thermal energy storage in buildings[J]．Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells，2020，208：110420． doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110420
41	郑涛杰，陈志莉，刘强，等．水合盐相变储能材料的增稠剂优选研究[J]．太阳能学报，2018，39(7)：1781-1787．
	ZHENG T J， CHEN Z L， LIU Q，et al ．Study on optimum agent of thickener for salt hydrate phase change energy storage material[J]．Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica，2018，39(7)：1781-1787．
42	李昭，文卜，陈豪志，等．高温熔融盐基纳米流体的研究现状及进展[J]．中国电机工程学报，2021，41(6)：2168-2187．
	LI Z， WEN B， CHEN H Z，et al ．State-of-the-art review on high temperature molten salt based nanofluids[J]．Proceedings of the CSEE，2021，41(6)：2168-2187．
43	KALIDASAN B， PANDEY A K， SAIDUR R，et al ．Nano additive enhanced salt hydrate phase change materials for thermal energy storage[J]．International Materials Reviews，2023，68(2)：140-183． doi:10.1080/09506608.2022.2053774
44	LIN X， ZHANG X， JI J，et al ．Development of flexible form-stable phase change material with enhanced electrical resistance for thermal management[J]．Journal of Cleaner Production，2021，311：127517． doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127517
45	HUANG Q， DENG J， LI X，et al ．Experimental investigation on thermally induced aluminum nitride based flexible composite phase change material for battery thermal management[J]．Journal of Energy Storage，2020，32：101755． doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.101755
46	汪翔，章学来，华维三，等．Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O相变储能复合材料制备及热物性[J]．化工进展，2019，38(12)：5457-5464．
	WANG X， ZHANG X L， HUA W S，et al ．Preparation and thermal properties of Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O composite phase change material for thermal energy storage[J]．Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress，2019，38(12)：5457-5464．
47	WU F， LIN Z， XU T，et al ．Development and thermal properties of a novel sodium acetate trihydrate-Acetamide-micron/nano aluminum nitride composite phase change material[J]．Materials & Design，2020，196：109113． doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109113
48	ZHAO B C， WANG R Z ．Perspectives for short-term thermal energy storage using salt hydrates for building heating[J]．Energy，2019，189：116139． doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.116139
49	XIAO Q， ZHANG M， FAN J，et al ．Thermal conductivity enhancement of hydrated salt phase change materials employing copper foam as the supporting material[J]．Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells，2019，199：91-98． doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2019.04.020
50	王佩祥，冯秀娟，朱易春，等．利用膨胀石墨改进十二水磷酸氢二钠复合相变材料的蓄热性能[J]．材料导报，2020，34(18)：18044-18048．
	WANG P X， FENG X J， ZHU Y C，et al ．Improvement of heat storage performance of disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate composite phase change materials with expanded graphite[J]．Materials Reports，2020，34(18)：18044-18048．
51	MAO J， HOU P， LIU R，et al ．Preparation and thermal properties of SAT-CMC-DSP/EG composite as phase change material[J]．Applied Thermal Engineering，2017，119：585-592． doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.03.097
52	ZOU T， LIANG X， WANG S，et al ．Effect of expanded graphite size on performances of modified CaCl₂⋅6H₂O phase change material for cold energy storage[J]．Microporous and Mesoporous Materials，2020，305：110403． doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110403
53	WU S， YAN T， KUAI Z，et al ．Experimental and numerical study of modified expanded graphite/hydrated salt phase change material for solar energy storage[J]．Solar Energy，2020，205：474-486． doi:10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.052
54	HOU P， MAO J， LIU R，et al ．Improvement in thermodynamic characteristics of sodium acetate trihydrate composite phase change material with expanded graphite[J]．Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry，2019，137(4)：1295-1306． doi:10.1007/s10973-019-08061-7
55	MILIÁN Y E， GUTIÉRREZ A， GRÁGEDA M，et al ．A review on encapsulation techniques for inorganic phase change materials and the influence on their thermophysical properties[J]．Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews，2017，73：983-999． doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.159
56	WU S， YAN T， KUAI Z，et al ．Thermal conductivity enhancement on phase change materials for thermal energy storage：a review[J]．Energy Storage Materials，2020，25：251-295． doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2019.10.010
57	杨晋，殷勇高，陈万河，等．硫酸钠水合盐相变蓄冷材料的制备及性能优化[J]．化工进展，2022，41(11)：5977-5985．
	YANG J， YIN Y G， CHEN W H，et al ．Preparation and performance optimization of phase change cold storage materials with sodium sulfate hydrate salt[J]．Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress，2022，41(11)：5977-5985．
58	FANG Y， DING Y， TANG Y，et al ．Thermal properties enhancement and application of a novel sodium acetate trihydrate-formamide/expanded graphite shape-stabilized composite phase change material for electric radiant floor heating[J]．Applied Thermal Engineering，2019，150：1177-1185． doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.01.069
59	LIU Y， YANG Y ．Form-stable phase change material based on Na₂CO₃⋅10H₂O-Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O eutectic hydrated salt/expanded graphite oxide composite：the influence of chemical structures of expanded graphite oxide[J]．Renewable Energy，2018，115：734-740． doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.097
60	LI M， SHI J ．Review on micropore grade inorganic porous medium based form stable composite phase change materials：preparation，performance improvement and effects on the properties of cement mortar[J]．Construction and Building Materials，2019，194：287-310． doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.222
61	RAO Z， XU T， LIU C，et al ．Experimental study on thermal properties and thermal performance of eutectic hydrated salts/expanded perlite form-stable phase change materials for passive solar energy utilization[J]．Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells，2018，188：6-17． doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2018.08.012
62	XIE N， LUO J， LI Z，et al ．Salt hydrate/expanded vermiculite composite as a form-stable phase change material for building energy storage[J]．Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells，2019，189：33-42． doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2018.09.016
63	LIU J， ZHU C， LIANG W，et al ．Experimental investigation on micro-scale phase change material based on sodium acetate trihydrate for thermal storage[J]．Solar Energy，2019，193：413-421． doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.09.050
64	CUI W， ZHANG H， XIA Y，et al ．Preparation and thermophysical properties of a novel form-stable CaCl₂⋅6H₂O/sepiolite composite phase change material for latent heat storage[J]．Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry，2018，131(1)：57-63． doi:10.1007/s10973-017-6170-2
65	LI T X， WU D L， HE F，et al ．Experimental investigation on copper foam/hydrated salt composite phase change material for thermal energy storage[J]．International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer，2017，115：148-157． doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.07.056
66	ZHAO L， XING Y， LIU X，et al ．Thermal performance of sodium acetate trihydrate based composite phase change material for thermal energy storage[J]．Applied Thermal Engineering，2018，143：172-181． doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.094
67	LING Z， LIU J， WANG Q，et al ．MgCl₂⋅6H₂O- Mg(NO₃)₂⋅6H₂O eutectic/SiO₂ composite phase change material with improved thermal reliability and enhanced thermal conductivity[J]．Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells，2017，172：195-201． doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2017.07.019
68	FANG Y， SU J， TANG Y，et al ．Form-stable Na₂SO₄⋅10H₂O-Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O eutectic/hydrophilic fumed silica composite phase change material with low supercooling and low thermal conductivity for indoor thermal comfort improvement[J]．International Journal of Energy Research，2020，44(4)：3171-3182． doi:10.1002/er.5178
69	PENG S， HUANG J， WANG T，et al ．Effect of fumed silica additive on supercooling，thermal reliability and thermal stability of Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O as inorganic PCM[J]．Thermochimica Acta，2019，675：1-8． doi:10.1016/j.tca.2019.02.013
70	FU W， ZOU T， LIANG X，et al ．Preparation and properties of phase change temperature-tuned composite phase change material based on sodium acetate trihydrate-urea/fumed silica for radiant floor heating system[J]．Applied Thermal Engineering，2019，162：114253． doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114253
71	HAN W， GE C， ZHANG R，et al ．Boron nitride foam as a polymer alternative in packaging phase change materials：synthesis，thermal properties and shape stability[J]．Applied Energy，2019，238：942-951． doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.153
72	李昭，李宝让，陈豪志，等．相变储热技术研究进展[J]．化工进展，2020，39(12)：5066-5085．
	LI Z， LI B R， CHEN H Z，et al ．State of the art review on phase change thermal energy storage technology[J]．Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress，2020，39(12)：5066-5085．
73	WANG Y， GE S， HUANG B，et al ．A simple route to PVC encapsulated Na₂SO₄⋅10H₂O nano/micro-composite with excellent energy storage performance[J]．Materials Chemistry and Physics，2019，223：723-726． doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.11.075
74	LIU Z， CHEN Z， YU F ．Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated phase change materials containing inorganic hydrated salt with silica shell for thermal energy storage[J]．Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells，2019，200：110004． doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110004
75	ZHANG W， ZHANG Y， LING Z，et al ．Microinfiltration of Mg(NO₃)₂⋅6H₂O into g-C₃N₄ and macroencapsulation with commercial sealants：a two-step method to enhance the thermal stability of inorganic composite phase change materials[J]．Applied Energy，2019，253：113540． doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113540
76	CHEN W， LIANG X， WANG S，et al ．Polyurethane macro-encapsulation for CH₃COONa⋅3H₂O-Na₂S₂O₃⋅5H₂O/Melamine sponge to fabricate form-stable composite phase change material[J]．Chemical Engineering Journal，2021，410：128308． doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.128308
77	张志行，韩雪冰，冯旭宁，等．面向不同电流工况的锂离子电池改进EECM研究[J]．电力工程技术，2023，42(4)：2-12．
	ZHANG Z H， HAN X B， FENG X N，et al ．Improved EECM for lithium-ion batteries under different current conditions[J]．Electric Power Engineering Technology，2023，42(4)：2-12．
78	陈来恩，曾小勇，曾子豪，等．基于物理信息与深度神经网络的锂离子电池温度预测[J]．中国电力，2024，57(11)：18-25．
	CHEN L E， ZENG X Y， ZENG Z H，et al ．Temperature prediction of lithium-ion batteries based on physical information and deep neural network[J]．Electric Power，2024，57(11)：18-25．
79	王泽旭，李冰辰，许瑶，等．基于过冷相变材料热开关的锂离子电池热管理系统[J]．发电技术，2022，. doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.21058
	43(2)：328-340． WANG Z X， LI B C， XU Y，et al ．Lithium-ion battery thermal management system based on the combination of supercooled phase change material and thermal switch[J]．Power Generation Technology，2022，43(2)：328-340． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.21058
80	刘倩，石千磊，李凯璇，等．锂离子电池结合棋盘拓扑分流结构的浸没冷却热管理研究[J]．发电技术，2021，42(2)：218-229． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.20111
	LIU Q， SHI Q L， LI K X，et al ．Research on immersion cooling thermal management of lithium ion battery combined with checkerboard topology diversion structure[J]．Power Generation Technology，2021，42(2)：218-229． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.20111
81	王泽旭，贺可寒，孙晨，等．采用相变热开关的软包电池热管理研究[J]．发电技术，2022，43(5)：810-822．
	WANG Z X， HE K H， SUN C，et al ．Research on battery thermal management of pouch cell using a phase change material-based thermal switch[J]．Power Generation Technology，2022，43(5)：810-822．
82	熊慧敏，彭跃中，何励学，等．热管耦合相变材料全气候锂离子电池热管理系统性能分析[J]．中国电力，2024，57(6)：27-36．
	XIONG H M， PENG Y Z， HE L X，et al ．Thermal performance analysis of novel all-climate lithium-ion battery thermal management system coupled with heat pipes and phase change materials[J]．Electric Power，2024，57(6)：27-36．
83	LV Y， YANG X， ZHANG G ．Durability of phase-change-material module and its relieving effect on battery deterioration during long-term cycles[J]．Applied Thermal Engineering，2020，179：115747． doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115747
84	JILTE R， AFZAL A， PANCHAL S ．A novel battery thermal management system using nano-enhanced phase change materials[J]．Energy，2021，219：119564． doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.119564
85	GALAZUTDINOVA Y， USHAK S， FARID M，et al ．Development of the inorganic composite phase change materials for passive thermal management of Li-ion batteries：application[J]．Journal of Power Sources，2021，491：229624． doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229624
86	LING Z， LI S， CAI C，et al ．Battery thermal management based on multiscale encapsulated inorganic phase change material of high stability[J]．Applied Thermal Engineering，2021，193：117002． doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117002
87	HEYHAT M M， MOUSAVI S， SIAVASHI M ．Battery thermal management with thermal energy storage composites of PCM，metal foam，fin and nanoparticle[J]．Journal of Energy Storage，2020，28：101235． doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.101235
88	JIANG K， LIAO G， JIAQIANG E，et al ．Thermal management technology of power lithium-ion batteries based on the phase transition of materials：a review[J]．Journal of Energy Storage，2020，32：101816． doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.101816
89	ZHI M， FAN R， ZHENG L，et al ．Experimental investigation on hydrated salt phase change material for lithium-ion battery thermal management and thermal runaway mitigation[J]．Energy，2024，307：132685． doi:10.1016/j.energy.2024.132685
90	ZHOU S， ZHANG W， LIN S，et al ．Enhancing lithium-ion battery pack safety：mitigating thermal runaway with high-energy storage inorganic hydrated salt/expanded graphite composite[J]．Journal of Energy Storage，2024，92：112089． doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.112089
91	WENG J， OUYANG D， YANG X，et al ．Alleviation of thermal runaway propagation in thermal management modules using aerogel felt coupled with flame-retarded phase change material[J]．Energy Conversion and Management，2019，200：112071． doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112071
92	ZHANG J， LI X， ZHANG G，et al ．Experimental investigation of the flame retardant and form-stable composite phase change materials for a power battery thermal management system[J]．Journal of Power Sources，2020，480：229116． doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229116
93	杨梦洁，杨爱军，叶奕君，等．基于气体分析的锂离子电池热失控早期预警研究进展[J]．电工技术学报，2023，38(17)：4507-4538．
	YANG M J， YANG A J， YE Y J，et al ．Research progress on early warning of thermal runaway of Li-ion batteries based on gas analysis[J]．Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society，2023，38(17)：4507-4538．
94	李威，陈威，王丹丹．基于水合盐热化学储能的技术研究与进展[J]．制冷与空调，2017，17(8)：14-21．
	LI W， CHEN W， WANG D D ．Research and development of thermochemical energy storage based on hydrated salt[J]．Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning，2017，17(8)：14-21．
95	CAO J， LING Z， LIN S，et al ．Thermochemical heat storage system for preventing battery thermal runaway propagation using sodium acetate trihydrate/expanded graphite[J]．Chemical Engineering Journal，2022，433：133536． doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.133536

水合盐	相变温度/℃	相变潜热/(kJ⋅kg^-1)	密度/(kg⋅m^-3)
CaCl₂⋅6H₂O	29.0	191.0	1 562
Na₂SO₄⋅10H₂O	32.4	254.0	1 485
Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O	34.5	264.0	1 422
Na₂S₂O₃⋅5H₂O	48.5	197.5	1 600
CH₃COONa⋅3H₂O	58.0	246.0	1 450
Ba(OH)₂⋅8H₂O	78.0	265.7	1 937
Mg(NO₃)₂⋅6H₂O	89.0	162.8	1 550
KAl(SO₄)₂⋅12H₂O	91.0	184.0	1 757
MgCl₂⋅6H₂O	117.0	168.6	1 450

水合盐	相变温度/℃	相变潜热/(kJ⋅kg^-1)	密度/(kg⋅m^-3)
CaCl₂⋅6H₂O	29.0	191.0	1 562
Na₂SO₄⋅10H₂O	32.4	254.0	1 485
Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O	34.5	264.0	1 422
Na₂S₂O₃⋅5H₂O	48.5	197.5	1 600
CH₃COONa⋅3H₂O	58.0	246.0	1 450
Ba(OH)₂⋅8H₂O	78.0	265.7	1 937
Mg(NO₃)₂⋅6H₂O	89.0	162.8	1 550
KAl(SO₄)₂⋅12H₂O	91.0	184.0	1 757
MgCl₂⋅6H₂O	117.0	168.6	1 450

参数	特点
热性能	合适的相变温度，高比热容、高潜热、高热导率
化学性能	高化学稳定性，无毒，无腐蚀性，非爆炸性，不可燃性
物理性能	高密度、低蒸气压，体积变化小，熔化一致
动力学特性	过冷度低，成核速率快，结晶速率快
经济性	成本低廉，原料易得，具有工业化基础

参数	特点
热性能	合适的相变温度，高比热容、高潜热、高热导率
化学性能	高化学稳定性，无毒，无腐蚀性，非爆炸性，不可燃性
物理性能	高密度、低蒸气压，体积变化小，熔化一致
动力学特性	过冷度低，成核速率快，结晶速率快
经济性	成本低廉，原料易得，具有工业化基础

成核剂类型	水合盐相变材料	成核剂	过冷度/℃		成核剂质量分数/%	来源
成核剂类型	水合盐相变材料	成核剂	未添加成核剂	添加成核剂后	成核剂质量分数/%	来源
无机水合盐类成核剂	改性CaCl₂⋅6H₂O	SrCl₂⋅6H₂O	—	0.95	2	文献[23]
	75% Na₂SO₄⋅10H₂O-5% KCl-20% NH₄Cl	Na₂B₄O₇⋅10H₂O	10.8	0.7	3	文献[24]
	CH₃COONa⋅3H₂O	Na₄P₂O₇⋅10H₂O	约40	4	1.5	文献[25]
	CH₃COONa⋅3H₂O	Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O (CMC)	不结晶	4	5 (3)	文献[37]
	100% CH₃COONa⋅3H₂O-10% CH₃CONH₂	Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O	>30	0.34	4	文献[26]
	CH₃COONa⋅3H₂O	Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O	23	2	2	文献[27]
	CaCl₂⋅6H₂O	SrCl₂⋅6H₂O (Ba(OH)₂)	不结晶	1.07	1.5 (1.5)	文献[28]
	Na₂S₂O₃⋅5H₂O	Na₄P₂O₇⋅10H₂O	不结晶	4.3	0.08	文献[30]
	Ba(OH)₂⋅8H₂O	Ba(OH)₂⋅H₂O	约6	约1	4	文献[38]
	Na₂SO₄⋅10H₂O	Na₂P₄O₇⋅10H₂O	—	1.5	5	文献[39]
纳米成核剂	Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O	纳米石墨粉	13	4.9	4	文献[34]
	CaCl₂⋅6H₂O	γ-Al₂O₃	—	0.23	1	文献[35]
	Na₂SO₄⋅10H₂O-Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O	α-Al₂O₃(Na₂B₄O₇⋅10H₂O)	7.8	1.6	4.5 (1)	文献[36]
	CH₃COONa⋅3H₂O	生物纳米甲壳素颗粒	不结晶	0.89	1	文献[40]
	100% CH₃COONa⋅3H₂O-10% CH₃CONH₂	颗粒尺寸为3 μm的Na₂HPO₄⋅12H₂O(颗粒尺寸为30 nm的混合AlN)	不结晶	0.27	4(5)	文献[41]