Challenges and Prospects of Hydrogen Energy Storage Under the Background of Low-carbon Transformation of Power Industry

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.23022

Abstract

Abstract:

With the gradual increase in the proportion of new energy, energy storage technology, as an auxiliary new energy grid, has attracted wide attention. Hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell technology have been listed as strategic energy technologies in China, and have been actively applied in the market and enterprise development. Hydrogen production from electrolytic water can stabilize the fluctuation caused by the connection of renewable energy to the grid and help the power grid to cut peak and frequency modulation. As a power generation device to improve energy conversion rate, fuel cell has the advantages of low noise and no pollution, it is one of the effective ways to absorb renewable energy. This paper made a comparative analysis of the development status and advantages of the existing energy storage technologies, the key technologies and research directions of hydrogen energy storage system were introduced emphatically, and the commercial development of hydrogen energy storage was prospected.

Key words: hydrogen energy, electrolysis hydrogen production, fuel cell, energy storage technology

CLC Number:

TK 91

Yiwen CHEN, Jinbin ZHAO, Junzhou LI, Ling MAO, Keqing QU, Guoqing WEI. Challenges and Prospects of Hydrogen Energy Storage Under the Background of Low-carbon Transformation of Power Industry[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(3): 296-304.

Figures/Tables 4

References 32

1	刘金朋，侯焘．氢储能技术及其电力行业应用研究综述及展望[J]．电力与能源，2020，41(2)：230-233．
	LIU J P， HOU T ．Review and prospect of hydrogen energy storage and its application in power industry[J]．Power & Energy，2020，41(2)：230-233．
2	孙伟卿，罗静，张婕．高比例风电接入的电力系统储能容量配置及影响因素分析[J]．电力系统保护与控制，2021，49(15)：9-18．
	SUN W Q， LUO J， ZHANG J ．Energy storage capacity allocation and influence factor analysis of a power system with a high proportion of wind power[J]．Power System Protection and Control，2021，49(15)：9-18．
3	鲁鹏，田浩，武伟鸣，等．需求侧能量枢纽和储能协同提升风电消纳和平抑负荷峰谷模型[J]．电力科学与技术学报，2021，36(1)：42-51．
	LU P， TIAN H， WU W M，et al ．Demand side energy hub and energy storage cooperate to smooth peak and valley and improve wind power consumption model[J]．Journal of Electric Power Science and Technology，2021，36(1)：42-51．
4	马锐，李相俊，李文启，等．可再生能源供电区域电网中储能系统协同调度策略[J]．发电技术，2021，42(1)：31-39． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.20027
	MA R， LI X J， LI W Q，et al ．Cooperative scheduling strategy of energy storage systems for regional grid supplied by renewable energy[J]．Power Generaton Technology，2021，42(1)：31-39． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.20027
5	王辉，梁登香，韩晓娟．储能参与泛在电力物联网辅助服务应用综述[J]．发电技术，2021，42(2)：171-179． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.19184
	WANG H， LIANG D X， HAN X J ．Reviews of energy storage participating in auxiliary services under ubiquitous internet of things[J]．Power Generaton Technology，2021，42(2)：171-179． doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.19184
6	陈睿彬，陆玲霞，包哲静，等．电池储能系统参与用户侧削峰填谷的鲁棒优化调度策略[J]．电力建设，2022，43(10)：66-76．
	CHEN R B， LU L X， BAO Z J，et al ．Robust optimal dispatch strategy for battery energy storage system participating in user-side peak load shifting[J]．Electric Power Construction，2022，43(10)：66-76．
7	荆平，徐桂芝，赵波，等．面向全球能源互联网的大容量储能技术[J]．智能电网，2015(6)：486-490．
	JING P， XU G Z， ZHAO B，et al ．Large capacity energy storage for global energy internet[J]．Smart Grid，2015(6)：486-490．
8	陈硕翼，朱卫东，张丽，等．氢能燃料电池技术发展现状与趋势[J]．科技中国，2018(5)：11-13． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5129.2018.05.005
	CHEN S Y， ZHU W D， ZHANG L，et al ．Current status and trends of hydrogen fuel cell technology development[J]．Technology China，2018(5)：11-13． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5129.2018.05.005
9	许传博，赵云灏，王晓晨，等．碳中和愿景下考虑电氢耦合的风光场站氢储能优化配置[J]．电力建设，2022，43(1)：10-18．
	XU C B， ZHAO Y H， WANG X C，et al ．Optimal configuration of hydrogen energy storage for wind and solar power stations considering electricity-hydrogen coupling under carbon neutrality vision[J]．Electric Power Construction，2022，43(1)：10-18．
10	张东辉，徐文辉，门锟，等．储能技术应用场景和发展关键问题[J]．南方能源建设，2019，6(3)：1-5．
	ZHANG D H， XU W H，MEN K，et al ．Application scenarios and key development issues of energy storage [J]．Southern Energy Construction， 2019，6(3)：1-5．
11	林俐，李北晨，孙勇，等．基于高比例新能源消纳的抽水蓄能容量多时间尺度迭代优化配置模型[J]．电网与清洁能源，2021，37(1)：104-111． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3814.2021.01.015
	LIN L， LI B C， SUN Y，et al ．Multi-time-scale iterative optimal configuration model of pumped storage capacity based on accommodation of high share new energy[J]．Power System and Clean Energy，2021，37(1)：104-111． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3814.2021.01.015
12	刘晓，王洪伟．基于抽水蓄能的含高比例风电农业配电网优化调度[J]．浙江电力，2022，41(1)：48-54．
	LIU X， WANG H W ．Optimal dispatch of agricultural distribution networks with a high proportion of wind power based on pumped storage[J]．Zhejiang Electric Power，2022，41(1)：48-54．
13	李晓鹏，李岩，刘舒然，等．基于可变速抽水蓄能技术提升区域电网新能源消纳水平的研究[J]．智慧电力，2021，49(10)：52-58． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7598.2021.10.009
	LI X P， LI Y， LIU S R，et al ．Research on promotion of renewable energy integration into regional power grid by variable speed pumped storage technology[J]．Smart Power，2021，49(10)：52-58． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7598.2021.10.009
14	陈永翀，李爱晶，刘丹丹，等．储能技术在能源互联网系统中应用与发展展望[J]．电器与能效管理技术，2015(24)：39-44． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5531.2015.24.007
	CHEN Y C， LI A J， LIU D D，et al ．Application and development prospect of energy storage in energy Internet system[J]．Electrical Appliances and Energy Efficiency Management Technology，2015(24)：39-44． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5531.2015.24.007
15	金晨，任大伟，肖晋宇，等．支撑碳中和目标的电力系统源-网-储灵活性资源优化规划[J]．中国电力，2021，54(8)：164-174．
	JIN C， REN D W， XIAO J Y，et al ．Optimal planning of source network storage flexible resources of power system supporting carbon neutrality goal[J]．China Electric Power，2021，54(8)：164-174．
16	陈港欣，孙现众，张熊，等．高功率锂离子电池研究进展[J]．工程科学学报，2022，44(4)：612-624． doi:10.3321/j.issn.1001-053X.2022.4.bjkjdxxb202204014
	CHEN G X， SUN X Z， ZHANG X，et al ．Research progress in high-power lithium-ion batteries[J]．Journal of Engineering Science，2022，44(4)：612-624． doi:10.3321/j.issn.1001-053X.2022.4.bjkjdxxb202204014
17	陈海生，凌浩恕，徐玉杰．能源革命中的物理储能技术[J]．中国科学院院刊，2019，34(4)：450-459．
	CHEN H S， LING H S， XU Y J ．Physical energy storage in the energy revolution[J]．Journal of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，2019，34(4)：450-459．
18	李洋洋，邓欣涛，古俊杰，等．碱性水电解制氢系统建模综述及展望[J]．汽车工程，2022，44(4)：567-582．
	LI Y Y， DENG X T， GU J J，et al ．Overview and prospect of modeling for alkaline water electrolysis hydrogen production system[J]．Automotive Engineering，2022，44(4)：567-582．
19	刘玮，万燕鸣，熊亚林，等．碳中和目标下电解水制氢关键技术及价格平准化分析[J]．电工技术学报，2022，37(11)：2888-2896．
	LIU W， WAN Y M， XIONG Y L，et al ．Key technologies and price leveling analysis of hydrogen production from electrolytic water under carbon neutrality target[J]．Journal of Electrical Engineering，2022，37(11)：2888-2896．
20	王培灿，万磊，徐子昂，等．碱性膜电解水制氢技术现状与展望[J]．化工学报，2021，72(12)：6161-6175． doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20211264
	WANG P C， WAN L， XU Z A，et al ．Current status and prospects of hydrogen production technology by alkaline membrane electrolysis of water[J]．Journal of Chemical Engineering，2021，72(12)：6161-6175． doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20211264
21	丁显，冯涛，何广利，等．风电光伏波动性电源对电解水制氢电解槽影响的研究进展[J]．储能科学与技术，2022，11(10)：3275-3284．
	DING X， FENG T， HE G L，et al ．Research progress on the influence of wind photovoltaic dynamic power sources on hydrogen production electrolysis cells using electrolytic water[J]．Energy Storage Science and Technology，2022，11(10)：3275-3284．
22	胡兵，徐立军，何山，等．碳达峰与碳中和目标下PEM电解水制氢研究进展[J]．化工进展，2022，41(9)：4595-4604．
	HU B， XU L J， HE S，et al ．Research progress of hydrogen production from PEM water electrolysis under the target of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality[J]．Progress in Chemical Industry，2022，41(9)：4595-4604．
23	骈松，孙邦兴，杨华．基于可再生能源纯水电解制氢技术展望[J]．山东化工，2020，49(15)：64-65． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-021X.2020.15.026
	PIAN S， SUN B X， YANG H ．Prospects for pure water electrolysis hydrogen production technology based on renewable energy[J]．Shandong Chemical Industry，2020， 49(15)：64-65． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-021X.2020.15.026
24	米万良，荣峻峰．质子交换膜(PEM)水电解制氢技术进展及应用前景[J]．石油炼制与化工，2021，52(10)：78-87． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2021.10.013
	MI W L， RONG J F ．Progress and application prospects of proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis hydrogen production technology[J]．Petroleum Refining and Chemical Industry，2021，52(10)：78-87． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-2399.2021.10.013
25	陈婷，王绍荣．固体氧化物电解池电解水研究综述[J]．陶瓷学报，2014，35(1)：1-6． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2278.2014.01.001
	CHEN T， WANG S R ．Review of research on solid oxide electrolytic cell for water electrolysis[J]．Journal of Ceramics，2014，35(1)：1-6． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2278.2014.01.001
26	TANC B， ARAT H T， BALTACIOGLU E，et al ．Overview of the next quarter century vision of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles[J]．International Journal of Hydrogen Energy，2019，44(20)：10120-10128． doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.112
27	SHARAF O Z， ORHAN M F ．An overview of fuel cell technology：fundamentals and applications[J]．Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews，2014，32：810-853． doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.012
28	刘应都，郭红霞，欧阳晓平．氢燃料电池技术发展现状及未来展望[J]．中国工程科学，2021，23(4)：162-171． doi:10.15302/j-sscae-2021.04.019
	LIU Y D， GUO H X， OUYANG X P ．The current development status and future prospects of hydrogen fuel cell technology[J]．Chinese Engineering Science，2021，23(4)：162-171． doi:10.15302/j-sscae-2021.04.019
29	彭湃，程汉湘，陈杏灿，等．质子交换膜燃料电池的数学模型及其仿真研究[J]．电源技术，2017，41(3)：399-402． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2017.03.020
	PENG P， CHENG H X， CHEN X C，et al ．Mathematical model and simulation study of proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]．Power Technology，2017，41(3)： 399-402． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2017.03.020
30	朱明原，刘文博，刘杨，等．氢能与燃料电池关键科学技术：挑战与前景[J]．上海大学学报(自然科学版)，2021，27(3)：411-443．
	ZHU M Y， LIU W B， LIU Y，et al ．Key science and technology of hydrogen energy and fuel cells：challenges and prospects[J]．Journal of Shanghai University (Natural Science Edition)，2021，27(3)：411-443．
31	皇甫宜耿，石麒，李玉忍．质子交换膜燃料电池系统建模仿真与控制[J]．西北工业大学学报，2015，33(4)：682-687． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2758.2015.04.027
	HUANGFU Y G， SHI Q， LI Y R ．Modeling， simulation and control of proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems[J]．Journal of Northwest University of Technology，2015，33(4)：682-687． doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2758.2015.04.027
32	邵志刚，衣宝廉．氢能与燃料电池发展现状及展望[J]．中国科学院院刊， 2019，34(4)：469-477．
	SHAO Z G， YI B L ．Current status and prospects of hydrogen energy and fuel cell development[J]．Journal of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，2019，34(4)：469-477．

储能类型	储能系统	寿命	优点	应用范围	响应时间	效率/%
机械储能	抽水蓄能	>30 a	技术成熟、成本较低、寿命长	广泛应用于调峰、调频和备用电源场景	分钟级	70~75
电化学储能	锂离子电池	5~10 a	能量密度大	辅助可再生能源备用、调峰调频	百毫秒级	85~98
	全钒液流电池	5~15 a	安全性好	调峰、调频、电能质量调节	百毫秒级	75~85
	铅蓄电池	3~8 a	性价比高、技术成熟	削峰填谷、容量备用	百毫秒级	70~90
电磁蓄能	超级电容器	>30 000次	响应速度快、转换效率高	电能质量调节、削峰等	毫秒级	70~90

储能类型	储能系统	寿命	优点	应用范围	响应时间	效率/%
机械储能	抽水蓄能	>30 a	技术成熟、成本较低、寿命长	广泛应用于调峰、调频和备用电源场景	分钟级	70~75
电化学储能	锂离子电池	5~10 a	能量密度大	辅助可再生能源备用、调峰调频	百毫秒级	85~98
	全钒液流电池	5~15 a	安全性好	调峰、调频、电能质量调节	百毫秒级	75~85
	铅蓄电池	3~8 a	性价比高、技术成熟	削峰填谷、容量备用	百毫秒级	70~90
电磁蓄能	超级电容器	>30 000次	响应速度快、转换效率高	电能质量调节、削峰等	毫秒级	70~90

制氢方法	优点	缺点	电解效率/%	工作温度/℃	启动时间
碱性电解水	结构简单，技术成熟，非贵金属催化剂，成本低，商业化	电解液泄漏污染环境，占地面积大，动态响应差，电解密度有限	52~82	60~80	1~10 min
质子交换膜电解水	结构紧凑，电流密度高，波动能源适应性强，制氢效率高	成本高，商业化程度低，功耗较高，催化剂易被金属离子毒化	74~87	50~80	1 s~5 min
固体氧化物电解水	效率高，非贵金属催化剂，转化效率高，洁净环保	需要额外热源，高温条件增加成本，启动慢，高温下材料易老化	85~100	700~1 000	>20 min

制氢方法	优点	缺点	电解效率/%	工作温度/℃	启动时间
碱性电解水	结构简单，技术成熟，非贵金属催化剂，成本低，商业化	电解液泄漏污染环境，占地面积大，动态响应差，电解密度有限	52~82	60~80	1~10 min
质子交换膜电解水	结构紧凑，电流密度高，波动能源适应性强，制氢效率高	成本高，商业化程度低，功耗较高，催化剂易被金属离子毒化	74~87	50~80	1 s~5 min
固体氧化物电解水	效率高，非贵金属催化剂，转化效率高，洁净环保	需要额外热源，高温条件增加成本，启动慢，高温下材料易老化	85~100	700~1 000	>20 min

[1]	Donghui CAO, Dongmei DU, Qing HE. Summary of Hydrogen Energy Storage Safety and Its Detection Technology [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(4): 431-442.
[2]	Lingguo KONG, Jian GONG, Shihui YANG, Defu NI, Shibo WANG, Chuang LIU. Development Status and Trend of DC/DC Isolated Hydrogen Production Power Supply [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(4): 443-451.
[3]	Bofei WANG, Haozhe XIAO, Guohao LI, Wenheng XIU, Yunhao MO, Mingjie ZHU, Zhen WU. A Review of Energy Management Strategy for Hydrogen-Electricity Hybrid Power System Based on Control Target [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(4): 452-464.
[4]	Yikun HU, Junwen CAO, Wenqiang ZHANG, Bo YU, Jianchen WANG, Jing CHEN. Application Research Progress of High Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(3): 361-372.
[5]	Lei WU, Liju PENG, Shuang LI, Yixiang SHI, Ningsheng CAI. Simulation and Analysis of Steady State Characteristics of Hundred Kilowatt Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power System Based on Hydrogen Production From Natural Gas [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(3): 350-360.
[6]	Lianpeng ZHAO, Zhenyang ZHANG, Gang AN, Shenyin YANG. Progress in Hydrogen Liquefaction Technology With Mixed Refrigerant [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(3): 331-339.
[7]	Yue TENG, Qian ZHAO, Tiejiang YUAN, Guohong CHEN. Key Technology Status and Outlook for Green Electricity-Hydrogen Energy- Multi-domain Applications Coupled Network [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(3): 318-330.
[8]	Chunyan ZHANG, Zhenlan DOU, Jun WANG, Liangliang ZHU, Xiaotong SUN, Gendi LI. Development Route of Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis, Hydrogen Storage and Hydrogen Supply in Power System [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(3): 305-317.
[9]	Jianlin LI, Chenxi SHAO, Zedong ZHANG, Zhonghao LIANG, Fei ZENG. Analysis of Hydrogen Industry Policy and Commercialization Model [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(3): 287-295.
[10]	Haiguang WANG, Yongfeng LIU, Jun ZHANG. Preparation of Nitrogen Doped Mesoporous Carbon Supported Cobalt Catalyst and Its Performance for Removal of CO in Hydrogen-Rich Gas [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(3): 373-381.
[11]	Quanbin ZHANG, Qiongfang ZHOU. Research on the Development Path of China’s Thermal Power Generation Technology Based on the Goal of “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutralization” [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(2): 143-154.
[12]	Haiguang WANG, Yongfeng LIU, Jun ZHANG. Preparation and Its Performance of Catalyst for CO Removal From Hydrogen Rich Gas Mixture [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(6): 901-907.
[13]	Yakun HUANG, Jinyi LIU, Xiaosong ZHANG. Configuration Optimization of Off-Grid Energy System Based on HT-PEMFC and VRFB [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(2): 305-312.
[14]	Xuelin LI, Ling YUAN. Development Status and Suggestions of Hydrogen Production Technology by Offshore Wind Power [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(2): 198-206.
[15]	Lin LI, Tongyu LIU, Shuang LI, Yixiang SHI, Ningsheng CAI. Research Progress of Hydrogen Production by Methanol Reforming for Fuel Cell Power Generation [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(1): 44-53.