基于热泵技术的低碳排冷热电联供系统㶲经济性能研究

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.25331

发电技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (6): 1085-1096.DOI: 10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.25331

• 分布式能源 • 上一篇

基于热泵技术的低碳排冷热电联供系统㶲经济性能研究

罗城鑫¹, 吕彦龙², 刘润宝¹, 谢玉荣¹, 王雨昊², 刘锋², 隋军²

^1.华电电力科学研究院有限公司，浙江省杭州市 310030
^2.中国科学院工程热物理研究所，北京市海淀区100190

收稿日期:2025-07-29 修回日期:2025-08-20 出版日期:2025-12-31 发布日期:2025-12-25
通讯作者: 刘锋
作者简介:罗城鑫(1987)，男，硕士，高级工程师，研究方向为综合能源、新型储能和分布式可再生能源技术，chengxin-luo@chder.com；
吕彦龙(2000)，男，博士研究生，从事热泵技术、余热回收技术等研究，lvyanlong@iet.cn；
刘润宝(1981)，男，硕士，从事热泵技术、余热回收技术等研究，runbao-liu@chder.com；
谢玉荣(1982)，男，博士，正高级工程师，从事综合能源系统优化、储能技术方面的研究，yurong-xie@chder.com；
王雨昊(2000)，男，硕士研究生，从事热泵技术、余热利用技术等研究，wangyuhao@iet.cn；
刘锋(1987)，男，博士，副研究员，从事多能互补与余热利用等研究，本文通信作者，liufeng@iet.cn；
隋军(1973)，男，博士，研究员，主要从事多能源互补分布式能源系统方面的研究，suijun@iet.cn。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB4206500)

Exergoeconomic Research on Low-Carbon-Emission Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power System Based on Heat Pump Technology

Chengxin LUO¹, Yanlong LÜ², Runbao LIU¹, Yurong XIE¹, Yuhao WANG², Feng LIU², Jun SUI²

^1.Huadian Electric Power Research Institute Co. , Ltd. , Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
^2.Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China

Received:2025-07-29 Revised:2025-08-20 Published:2025-12-31 Online:2025-12-25
Contact: Feng LIU
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFB4206500)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的在“双碳”战略与全球能源结构转型背景下，如何实现传统能源系统的高效低碳化运行是当前亟需突破的难题。为此，构建了一种耦合热泵(heat pump，HP)技术的低碳排冷热电联供(combined cooling, heating, and power，CCHP)系统。方法通过多级余热回收与温区协同匹配机制，优化能量梯级利用路径；建立涵盖热力学、环境友好性、经济及㶲经济性能的多维度评价模型，并与传统系统性能进行了对比。结果经济性分析结果显示，HP的引入使单位产电成本从1.24元/(kW⋅h)增至1.43元/(kW⋅h)，但单位产能成本从0.24元/(kW⋅h)降至0.22元/(kW⋅h)，综合能效提升；灵敏度分析结果显示，运行时间与利率对成本影响最大；㶲经济分析表明，透平、碳捕集与封存(carbon capture and storage，CCS)系统和压缩机分别贡献67.019%、17.107%和8.169%的㶲损失，是未来优化的核心方向。结论研究成果为低碳排CCHP系统的设计与推广提供了理论支撑。

关键词: 冷热电联供(CCHP)系统, 余热回收, 热泵(HP)技术, 碳捕集与封存(CCS), 碳排放, 热力学分析, 环境友好性, 㶲经济分析

Abstract:

Objectives Under the background of the “dual-carbon” strategy and the global energy structure transition, achieving high-efficiency and low-carbon operation of conventional energy systems is a pressing challenge that needs to be overcome. To address this, an low-carbon-emission combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system coupled with heat pump (HP) technology is proposed. Methods A multi-stage waste heat recovery and temperature-zone coordinated matching mechanism is employed to optimize the energy cascade utilization pathway. A multi-dimensional evaluation model, covering thermodynamics, environmental friendliness, economic efficiency, and exergoeconomic performance, is established and compared with the performance of conventional systems. Results The results of economic analysis show that the heat-pump integration increases the unit power generation cost from 1.24 to 1.43 yuan/(kW⋅h), but reduces the unit capacity cost from 0.24 to 0.22 yuan/(kW⋅h), resulting in an overall improvement in energy efficiency. The sensitivity analysis results reveal that operating duration and interest rate have the greatest impact on costs. Exergoeconomic analysis indicates that the turbine, carbon capture and storage (CCS) system, and compressor contribute 67.019%, 17.107%, and 8.169% of the exergy loss, respectively, representing the core directions for future optimization. Conclusions These research findings provide a theoretical basis for the design and promotion of low-carbon-emission CCHP systems.

Key words: combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, waste heat recovery, heat pump (HP) technology, carbon capture and storage (CCS), carbon emissions, thermodynamic analysis, environmental friendliness, exergoeconomic analysis

中图分类号:

TK 11

罗城鑫, 吕彦龙, 刘润宝, 谢玉荣, 王雨昊, 刘锋, 隋军. 基于热泵技术的低碳排冷热电联供系统㶲经济性能研究[J]. 发电技术, 2025, 46(6): 1085-1096.

Chengxin LUO, Yanlong LÜ, Runbao LIU, Yurong XIE, Yuhao WANG, Feng LIU, Jun SUI. Exergoeconomic Research on Low-Carbon-Emission Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power System Based on Heat Pump Technology[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(6): 1085-1096.

图/表 15

图1 低碳排CCHP系统示意图

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of low-carbon-emission CCHP system

表1 HP系统中各部件的热力学模型

Tab. 1 Thermodynamic model of each component in HP system

部件	热力学平衡方程
Com1	$W C o m 1 = m 28 (h 28 - h 27)$ $h 28 = h 27 + (h 28 s - h 27) / η s$
HX7	$Q H X 7 = m 7 (h 7 - h 8) = m 26 (h 27 - h 26)$
HX8	$Q H X 8 = m 23 (h 23 - h 24) = m 26 (h 26 - h 25)$
HX9	$Q H X 9 = m 28 (h 28 - h 29) = m 22 (h 22 - h 21)$
HX10	$Q H X 10 = m 29 (h 29 - h 28) = m 32 (h 32 - h 31)$

表1 HP系统中各部件的热力学模型

Tab. 1 Thermodynamic model of each component in HP system

部件	热力学平衡方程
Com1	$W C o m 1 = m 28 (h 28 - h 27)$ $h 28 = h 27 + (h 28 s - h 27) / η s$
HX7	$Q H X 7 = m 7 (h 7 - h 8) = m 26 (h 27 - h 26)$
HX8	$Q H X 8 = m 23 (h 23 - h 24) = m 26 (h 26 - h 25)$
HX9	$Q H X 9 = m 28 (h 28 - h 29) = m 22 (h 22 - h 21)$
HX10	$Q H X 10 = m 29 (h 29 - h 28) = m 32 (h 32 - h 31)$

图2 参比CCHP系统示意图

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of reference CCHP system

表2 低碳排CCHP系统各部件主要设计参数

Tab. 2 Main design parameters of each component in low-carbon-emission CCHP system

子系统	部件	主要参数
蒸汽发电系统	CC	压力100 kPa；温度1 878 ℃
	HX1	冷流股出口温度：90 ℃
	HX2	冷流股出口温度：1 000 ℃
	HX11	热流股出口温度：95 ℃
	HX12	冷流股出口温度：90 ℃
	Tur1	排放压力40 kPa；等熵效率90%
	Pump1	排放压力2 500 kPa；泵效率90%
HP系统	HX7	热流股出口温度：40 ℃
	HX9	热流股出口温度：80 ℃
	HX10	热流股出口温度：27 ℃
	Com1	出口压力2 400 kPa；等熵效率90%
CCS系统	Abs1	塔板数15；压力100 kPa
	HX8	换热器负荷：118.88 kW
	HX13	热进口-冷出口温差：15 ℃
	Des1	塔板数10；压力200 kPa
吸收式制冷系统	HX3	热流股出口温度：45 ℃
	HX4	热流股出口温度：9 ℃
	HX5	热流股出口温度：80 ℃
	HX6	热流股出口温度：40 ℃
	Gen1	温度99.47 ℃；压力9.6 kPa
	Pump2	出口压力9.6 kPa；泵效率90%

表3 LCA评估对象

Tab. 3 Assessment objects of LCA

阶段	部件	参数	数值
生产	CC	额定产热量/kW	4 828.94
	CCS	CO₂处理量/kg	742.50
	HX	换热量/kW	10 446.67
	Tur	做功量/kW	540.86
	Com	功耗/kW	278.85
运行	CC	产热量/kW	4 828.94
	CC	运行时间/h	90 000.00
	HX	换热量/kW	10 446.67
	Com	功耗/kW	278.85

表4 系统中各部件的成本方程

Tab. 4 Cost equations for each component in system

部件	成本方程	来源
Pump	$Z P u m p = 25 488 × W P u m p 0.7$	文献[23]
Gen	$Z G e n = 126 000 × (A G e n 100) 0.6$	文献[24]
Com	$Z C o m = 659 246.4 × (W C o m 455) 0.67$	文献[25]
HX	$Z H X = 47.045 × Q H X$	文献[26]
CC	$Z C C = 258.656 ⋅ m a i r ⋅ 1 + e 0.015 ⋅ (T o u t - 1 540) 1 540 - P o u t / P i n$	文献[27]
CCS	$Z C C S = 0.504 × m C O 2, C a p t u r e$	文献[28]
Tur	$Z T u r = W T u r (9 493.2 - 707.962 l n W T u r)$	文献[27]

表4 系统中各部件的成本方程

Tab. 4 Cost equations for each component in system

部件	成本方程	来源
Pump	$Z P u m p = 25 488 × W P u m p 0.7$	文献[23]
Gen	$Z G e n = 126 000 × (A G e n 100) 0.6$	文献[24]
Com	$Z C o m = 659 246.4 × (W C o m 455) 0.67$	文献[25]
HX	$Z H X = 47.045 × Q H X$	文献[26]
CC	$Z C C = 258.656 ⋅ m a i r ⋅ 1 + e 0.015 ⋅ (T o u t - 1 540) 1 540 - P o u t / P i n$	文献[27]
CCS	$Z C C S = 0.504 × m C O 2, C a p t u r e$	文献[28]
Tur	$Z T u r = W T u r (9 493.2 - 707.962 l n W T u r)$	文献[27]

表5 各部件的㶲经济平衡方程和辅助方程

Tab. 5 Exergoeconomic balance equations and auxiliary equations for each component

部件	㶲经济平衡方程	辅助方程
HX1	$C 12 E x 12 - C 13 E x 13 + C H X 1 = C 4 E x 4 - C 3 E x 3$	$c 12 = c 13$
HX2	$C 5 E x 5 - C 6 E x 6 + C H X 2 = C 11 E x 11 - C 10 E x 10$	$c 5 = c 6$
HX3	$C 34 E x 34 - C 35 E x 35 + C H X 3 = C 49 E x 49 - C 48 E x 48$	$c 34 = c 35$
HX4	$C 45 E x 45 - C 46 E x 46 + C H X 4 = C 37 E x 37 - C 36 E x 36$	$c 45 = c 46$
HX5	$C 38 E x 38 - C 39 E x 39 + C H X 5 = C 44 E x 44 - C 43 E x 43$	$c 38 = c 39$
HX6	$C 41 E x 41 - C 42 E x 42 + C H X 6 = C 48 E x 48 - C 47 E x 47$	$c 41 = c 42$
HX7	$C 7 E x 7 - C 8 E x 8 + C H X 7 = C 27 E x 27 - C 26 E x 26$	$c 7 = c 8$
HX8	$C 23 E x 23 - C 24 E x 24 + C H X 8 = C 26 E x 26 - C 25 E x 25$	$c 23 = c 24$
HX9	$C 29 E x 29 - C 30 E x 30 + C H X 9 = C 32 E x 32 - C 31 E x 31$	$c 29 = c 30$
Mix	$C 1 E x 1 + C 2 E x 2 + C M i x = C 3 E x 3$ $C 37 E x 37 + C 40 E x 40 + C M i x = C 41 E x 41$ $C 33 E x 33 + C 49 E x 49 + C M i x = C 50 E x 50$	$c 2 = c 3$ ， $c 40 = c 41$ $c 33 + c 49 = c 50$ $c S e p = c M i x = 0$
Gen	$C 6 E x 6 + C 7 E x 7 + C 44 E x 44 + C G e n = C 34 E x 34 + C 38 E x 38$	$c 6 = c 7$
Tur	$C 11 E x 11 + C T u r = C 12 E x 12 + c e l e E x e l e$	$c 11 = c 12$ ， $c e = 0.49$
CC	$C 4 E x 4 + C C C = C 5 E x 5$	$c 4 = c 1 + c 2$
CCS	$C 16 E x 16 + C 8 E x 8 + C C C S + C 32 E x 32 - C 33 E x 33 + C 13 E x 13 - C 14 E x 14 = C 9 E x 9 + C 21 E x 21 + C 23 E x 23 - C 24 E x 24$	$c 32 = c 33$ ， $c 13 = c 14$ ， $c 23 = c 24$

表5 各部件的㶲经济平衡方程和辅助方程

Tab. 5 Exergoeconomic balance equations and auxiliary equations for each component

部件	㶲经济平衡方程	辅助方程
HX1	$C 12 E x 12 - C 13 E x 13 + C H X 1 = C 4 E x 4 - C 3 E x 3$	$c 12 = c 13$
HX2	$C 5 E x 5 - C 6 E x 6 + C H X 2 = C 11 E x 11 - C 10 E x 10$	$c 5 = c 6$
HX3	$C 34 E x 34 - C 35 E x 35 + C H X 3 = C 49 E x 49 - C 48 E x 48$	$c 34 = c 35$
HX4	$C 45 E x 45 - C 46 E x 46 + C H X 4 = C 37 E x 37 - C 36 E x 36$	$c 45 = c 46$
HX5	$C 38 E x 38 - C 39 E x 39 + C H X 5 = C 44 E x 44 - C 43 E x 43$	$c 38 = c 39$
HX6	$C 41 E x 41 - C 42 E x 42 + C H X 6 = C 48 E x 48 - C 47 E x 47$	$c 41 = c 42$
HX7	$C 7 E x 7 - C 8 E x 8 + C H X 7 = C 27 E x 27 - C 26 E x 26$	$c 7 = c 8$
HX8	$C 23 E x 23 - C 24 E x 24 + C H X 8 = C 26 E x 26 - C 25 E x 25$	$c 23 = c 24$
HX9	$C 29 E x 29 - C 30 E x 30 + C H X 9 = C 32 E x 32 - C 31 E x 31$	$c 29 = c 30$
Mix	$C 1 E x 1 + C 2 E x 2 + C M i x = C 3 E x 3$ $C 37 E x 37 + C 40 E x 40 + C M i x = C 41 E x 41$ $C 33 E x 33 + C 49 E x 49 + C M i x = C 50 E x 50$	$c 2 = c 3$ ， $c 40 = c 41$ $c 33 + c 49 = c 50$ $c S e p = c M i x = 0$
Gen	$C 6 E x 6 + C 7 E x 7 + C 44 E x 44 + C G e n = C 34 E x 34 + C 38 E x 38$	$c 6 = c 7$
Tur	$C 11 E x 11 + C T u r = C 12 E x 12 + c e l e E x e l e$	$c 11 = c 12$ ， $c e = 0.49$
CC	$C 4 E x 4 + C C C = C 5 E x 5$	$c 4 = c 1 + c 2$
CCS	$C 16 E x 16 + C 8 E x 8 + C C C S + C 32 E x 32 - C 33 E x 33 + C 13 E x 13 - C 14 E x 14 = C 9 E x 9 + C 21 E x 21 + C 23 E x 23 - C 24 E x 24$	$c 32 = c 33$ ， $c 13 = c 14$ ， $c 23 = c 24$

表6 系统热力学分析结果

Tab. 6 Thermodynamic analysis results of system

指标	设计系统	参比系统
输入热量/kW	4 951.71	4 951.71
碳捕集耗能/kW	1 039.27	1 039.27
热泵COP	2.72	—
发电量/kW	540.86	820.99
制冷量/kW	964.01	828.19
制热量/kW	3 137.84	2 352.30
余热回收率/%	89.85	73.59
热效率/%	81.22	74.24
㶲损失/kW	3 205.36	3 387.89
㶲效率/%	65.07	53.95

表7 设计系统LCA结果

Tab. 7 LCA results of designed system

指标	生产	运行
AP/(×10³ kg SO^2- Equiv)	0.327 7	4.219 8
GWP/(×10⁷ kg CO₂ Equiv)	0.004 2	2.588 5
FAETP/(×10⁵ kg 1， 4-DCB Equiv)	1.195 4	0.011 8
MAETP/(×10⁸ kg 1， 4-DCB Equiv)	1.390 9	0.000 4
TETP/(×10² kg 1，4-DCB Equiv)	3.338 0	4.393 1
ADP/(×10⁵ MJ)	4.659 2	0.000 1
EP/(×10² kg PO₄ Equiv)	0.136 3	1.080 3
HTP/(×10⁵ kg 1，4-DCB Equiv)	0.266 1	2.998 8

表8 各部件的成本贡献情况

Tab. 8 The cost contribution of each component

部件	成本/元	非能量成本率/(元/h)
合计	5 881 644.72	202.74
CC	130 298.40	4.49
Tur	3 893 486.40	134.21
HX1	5 775.84	0.20
HX2	121 039.20	4.17
HX3	56 455.20	1.95
HX4	45 352.80	1.56
HX5	7 163.28	0.25
HX6	57 592.80	1.99
HX7	18 194.40	0.63
HX8	5 263.20	0.18
HX9	24 991.20	0.86
HX10	10 692.00	0.37
Com1	474 652.80	16.36
Gen	36 871.20	1.27
CCS	993 816.00	34.26

表9 系统的总经济成本对比元/h

Tab. 9 Comparison of the total economic cost of systems

系统	投资成本	燃料成本	环境成本	总成本
设计系统	28.16	114.82	1.35	144.33
参比系统	25.48	114.82	1.35	141.65

表10 系统的经济性对比

Tab. 10 Economic comparison of systems

指标	设计系统	参比系统
$c e n e$ /[元/(kW∙h)]	0.22	0.24
$c e l e$ /[元/(kW∙h)]	1.43	1.24

表10 系统的经济性对比

Tab. 10 Economic comparison of systems

指标	设计系统	参比系统
$c e n e$ /[元/(kW∙h)]	0.22	0.24
$c e l e$ /[元/(kW∙h)]	1.43	1.24

图3 经济性参数对系统成本的影响

Fig. 3 Impact of economic parameters on system cost

图4 低碳排CCHP系统㶲成本流图

Fig. 4 Exergy cost flow diagram of low-carbon-emission CCHP system

图5 各部件的㶲经济损失

Fig. 5 Exergoeconomic loss of each component

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基于热泵技术的低碳排冷热电联供系统㶲经济性能研究

Exergoeconomic Research on Low-Carbon-Emission Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power System Based on Heat Pump Technology

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