核电厂低品位余热发电技术研究

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.25092

发电技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (4): 818-828.DOI: 10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.25092

核电厂低品位余热发电技术研究

赵雅卓¹, 张文杰¹, 廖颖慧²^,³, 林晋磊²^,³, 张荣勇¹, 段远源²^,³

^1.中国核电工程有限公司，北京市海淀区 100037
^2.热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室(清华大学)，北京市海淀区 100084
^3.二氧化碳资源利用与减排技术北京市重点实验室(清华大学)，北京市海淀区 100084

收稿日期:2025-02-17 修回日期:2025-04-05 出版日期:2025-08-31 发布日期:2025-08-21
作者简介:赵雅卓(1995)，女，硕士，助理工程师，研究方向为核电水工设计与科研，zhaoyz@cnpe.cc；
张文杰(1988)，女，硕士，高级工程师，研究方向为核电水工设计与科研，zhangwjc@cnpe.cc；
廖颖慧(2000)，女，博士研究生，研究方向为中低温热能利用、热力系统优化等，Liao-yh23@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn；
林晋磊(2001)，男，硕士研究生，研究方向为中低温热能利用、热力系统优化等，linjl24@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn；
张荣勇(1977)，男，硕士，研究员级高级工程师，研究方向为核电水工设计与科研，zhangryc@cnpe.cc；
段远源(1971)，男，博士，教授，研究方向为热力学、流体的热物理性质、中低温热能利用等，本文通信作者，yyduan@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(52106017);中国核电工程有限公司自主立项科研项目(KY23076)

Research on Power Generation Technologies for Low-Grade Waste Heat in Nuclear Power Plants

Yazhuo ZHAO¹, Wenjie ZHANG¹, Yinghui LIAO²^,³, Jinlei LIN²^,³, Rongyong ZHANG¹, Yuanyuan DUAN²^,³

^1.China Nuclear Power Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Haidian District, Beijing 100037, China
^2.Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education (Tsinghua University), Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
^3.Beijing Key Laboratory for CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology (Tsinghua University), Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China

Received:2025-02-17 Revised:2025-04-05 Published:2025-08-31 Online:2025-08-21
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106017);Independent Research Project of China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd(KY23076)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的针对核电厂低品位余热直接排放造成的海洋热污染问题，亟需探索高效解决方案以降低排海热负荷。为此，对不同类型余热源特性及其发电潜力进行了系统评估，为核电厂余热利用提供热经济性数据依据。方法总结了核电厂中各类低品位余热的特点，并分析了余热的不同利用方式及其发展现状；介绍了3种适用于该余热的发电技术，并结合实际案例对比分析了不同发电技术的热经济性能及不同余热源的回收潜力。结果核电厂二回路凝结饱和水的能质系数最高，发电利用潜力最大。此外，有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle，ORC)是热经济性能最佳的余热发电方案，其平准化度电成本最低，为0.037 6美元/(kW⋅h)，相对于喷射式有机闪蒸循环和卡琳娜循环分别降低了84%和78%；ORC发电功率为462.2 kW，具有较好的可行性；在回收低压缸乏汽余热场景下，ORC的可减排热负荷为360.3 MW，环保效益显著。结论 ORC等余热发电技术可大幅降低排海热负荷，为我国核电厂的低品位余热利用与降低排海热负荷提供重要参考。

关键词: 核电, 余热发电, 热污染防治, 低品位余热回收, 有机朗肯循环(ORC), 喷射式有机闪蒸循环(EOFC), 卡琳娜循环(KC), 热经济可行性分析

Abstract:

Objectives To address the issue of marine thermal pollution caused by the direct discharge of low-grade waste heat from nuclear power plants, it is imperative to explore efficient solutions to reduce thermal discharge loads. Therefore, by the characteristics of different types of waste heat sources and their potential of power generation are systematically evaluating to provide thermo-economic data basis for waste heat utilization in nuclear power plants. Methods The characteristics of different types of low-grade waste heat in nuclear power plants are summarized, and different utilization methods of waste heat and their current development status are analyzed. Three types of power generation technologies suitable for this waste heat are introduced, and their thermo-economic performance and the recovery potential of different waste heat sources are comparatively analyzed through actual case studies. Results The energy quality coefficient of the secondary loop condensate saturated water in nuclear power plants is the highest, showing the greatest potential for power generation utilization. Moreover, the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) demonstrates optimal thermo-economic performance as a waste heat power generation solution, achieving the lowest levelized cost of electricity at $0.037 6/(kW⋅h), which is 84% and 78% lower than that of the ejector organic flash cycle and the Kalina cycle, respectively. ORC achieves a generation capacity of 462.2 kW, demonstrating good feasibility. In the scenario of recovering waste heat from the low-pressure turbine exhaust, the ORC can reduce thermal discharge by 360.3 MW, showing significant environmental benefits. Conclusions Waste heat power generation technologies such as the ORC can significantly reduce thermal discharge loads into the sea, providing important references for low-grade waste heat utilization and thermal pollution reduction in China’s nuclear power plants.

Key words: nuclear power, waste heat power generation, thermal pollution prevention and control, low-grade waste heat recovery, organic Rankine cycle (ORC), ejector organic flash cycle (EOFC), Kalina cycle (KC), thermo-economic feasibility analysis

中图分类号:

TK 123

赵雅卓, 张文杰, 廖颖慧, 林晋磊, 张荣勇, 段远源. 核电厂低品位余热发电技术研究[J]. 发电技术, 2025, 46(4): 818-828.

Yazhuo ZHAO, Wenjie ZHANG, Yinghui LIAO, Jinlei LIN, Rongyong ZHANG, Yuanyuan DUAN. Research on Power Generation Technologies for Low-Grade Waste Heat in Nuclear Power Plants[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(4): 818-828.

图/表 9

表1 核电厂低品位余热的主要来源及其特点

Tab. 1 Main sources and characteristics of low-grade waste heat in nuclear power plants

余热来源	状态	温度/℃	压力/kPa	流量/(kg/s)	干度
低压缸乏汽	气液共存	41.7	8.10	828.30	0.911 4
凝结饱和水	液态	96.7	90.04	79.50	0
温排水	液态	29.6	101.33	60 624.55	0

图1 核电厂不同来源低品位余热的可利用潜力

Fig. 1 Utilization potential of low-grade waste heat from different sources in nuclear power plants

表2 不同余热利用方式适用的余热源及其优缺点

Tab. 2 Applicable waste heat sources and advantages and disadvantages of different waste heat utilization methods

余热利用方式	适用的余热源	优点	缺点
农业种植^［12］、水产养殖^［13-15］	二回路低压缸乏汽和三回路温排水	排海热负荷低、经济性好、环境污染小	所需的温室面积与水产养殖面积极大，难以消纳全部的低品位余热
市政与工业供热^［16-28］	二回路低压缸乏汽、凝结饱和水、三回路温排水	可满足大量供热需求，环保效益好	供热管路布置范围远、热损耗高、输送成本高；受供热端需求影响大，季节性明显
海水淡化^［29-31］	二回路凝结饱和水	可实现水电联产，缓解核电机组远程取淡水、用淡水压力	淡化成本高、设备寿命短，淡化后废弃物处理难度大

图2 简单ORC系统结构及其T-s图1—7均为系统工质状态点。

Fig. 2 Simple ORC system structure and its T-s diagram

图3 简单EOFC系统结构及其T-s图

Fig. 3 Simple EOFC system structure and its T-s diagram

图4 简单KC系统结构及其T-s图

Fig. 4 Simple KC system structure and its T-s diagram

表3 系统功率设备的效率

Tab. 3 Efficiency of system power equipment

参数	数值
工质泵等熵效率η_pump	0.8
膨胀机等熵效率η_tur	0.8
电动机效率η_motor	0.98
发电机效率η_gen	0.98

图 5 不同发电技术在3种典型余热源场景下的热力性能

Fig. 5 Thermal performance of different power generation technologies under three typical waste heat source scenarios

图 6 不同发电技术在3种典型余热源场景下的经济性能

Fig. 6 Economic performance of different power generation technologies under three typical waste heat source scenarios

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核电厂低品位余热发电技术研究

Research on Power Generation Technologies for Low-Grade Waste Heat in Nuclear Power Plants

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