Preliminary Analysis of the 2·15 Power Outage in Texas, U.S. and Its Enlightenment to the Construction of China's Electricity Market

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.21016

Abstract

Abstract:

From February 15 to 19, 2021, a rotating outage due to load-shed occurred in the power grid of Texas in the United States, causing widespread global concern. In this paper, an overview of the power grid and electricity market in Texas was introduced firstly. Then, this paper sorted out the occurrence and development process of the accident with time as the main line, and paid attention to the operation status of the electricity market during the accident period. Moreover, the causes of the three major problems such as imbalance between supply and demand, high electricity price, and financial crisis in the accident were analyzed. Finally, this paper summarized the experience and lessons of power outages, and put forward relevant enlightenments to the construction of China's electricity market.

Key words: U.S. power outage, load-shed, electricity market, scarcity pricing

CLC Number:

TM73

Zeyang LIU, Zhaoxia JING. Preliminary Analysis of the 2·15 Power Outage in Texas, U.S. and Its Enlightenment to the Construction of China's Electricity Market[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2021, 42(1): 131-139.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig.1 Texas grid

Fig.2 Installed capacity and its proportion of each fuel type power generation

Fig.3 EEA trigger conditions and system operating steps

Fig.4 System frequency and load-shed

Tab. 1 Temperature indicators of four major cities in different cold levels ℃

寒冷水平	达拉斯	奥斯丁/圣安东尼奥	休斯顿
正常	-6.7	-3.3	-1.1
低温	-9.4	-6.1	-3.9
极寒	-12.2	-6.7	-6.7

Fig.5 Estimated load and available generation

Fig.6 Outage capacity of various types of power generation resources

Fig.7 Power interchange

Fig.8 Market performance

References 27

1	ERCOT.Review of February 2021 extreme cold weather event[R/OL].Austin: ERCOT, 2021.http://www.ercot.com/content/wcm/key_documents_lists/225373/2.2_REVISED_ERCOT_Presentation.pdf.
2	DOE.Extreme cold and winter weather update #1[R/OL].Washington DC: DOE, 2021.https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2021/02/f82/TLP-WHITE_DOE%20Situation%20Update_Cold%20%20Winter%20Weather_%231.pdf.
3	DOE.Extreme cold and winter weather update #2[R/OL].Washington DC: DOE, 2021.https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2021/02/f82/TLP-WHITE_DOE%20Situation%20Update_Cold%20%20Winter%20Weather_%20Report%20%232%20FIN.pdf.
4	DOE.Extreme cold and winter weather update #3[R/OL].Washington DC: DOE, 2021.https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2021/02/f82/TLP-WHITE_DOE%20Situation%20Update_Cold%20%20Winter%20Weather_%233.pdf.
5	DOE.Extreme cold and winter weather update #4[R/OL].Washington DC: DOE, 2021.https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2021/02/f82/TLP-WHITE_DOE%20Situation%20Update_Cold%20%20Winter%20Weather_%234%20.pdf.
6	DOE.Extreme cold and winter weather update #5[R/OL].Washington DC: DOE, 2021.https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2021/02/f83/TLP-WHITE_DOE%20Situation%20Update_Cold%20%20Winter%20Weather_Sit%20Rep%20%235%20.pdf.
7	DOE.Extreme cold and winter weather update #6[R/OL].Washington DC: DOE, 2021.https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2021/02/f83/TLP-WHITE_DOE%20Situation%20Update_Cold%20%20Winter%20Weather_%236.pdf.
8	国务院. 关于进一步深化电力体制改革的若干意见[EB/OL]. (2015-03-31)[2021-02-23]. http://news.ncepu.edu.cn/xxyd/llxx/52826.htm.
	State Council.Several opinions on further deepening the reform of the power system[EB/OL].(2015-03-31)[2021-02-23].http://news.ncepu.edu.cn/xxyd/llxx/52826.htm.
9	IMM for ERCOT.2019 state of the market report for the ERCOT electricity markets[R].Texas: IMM for ERCOT, 2020.
10	惠海龙, 于兴斌, 李永刚. 美国德州电力市场综述[R]. 广州: 南方能源观察, 2014.
	HUI H L, YU X B, LI Y G.Overview of Texas electricity market[R].Guangzhou: EO, 2014.
11	朱继忠, 喻芸, 谢平平, 等. 美国稀缺定价机制及对我国现货市场建设的启示[J]. 南方电网技术, 2019, (6): 37- 43.
	ZHU J Z , YU Y , XIE P P . Scarcity pricing of United States and its enlightenment to China[J]. Southern Power System Technology, 2019, (6): 37- 43.
12	ERCOT.ERCOT energy emergency alert communications matrix[R/OL].Austin: ERCOT, 2021.http://www.ercot.com/content/wcm/lists/226525/ERCOT_Energy_Emergency_Alert_Communications_Matrix_October_2020.pdf.
13	ERCOT.ERCOT's use of energy emergency alerts[R/OL].Austin: ERCOT, 2021.http://www.ercot.com/content/wcm/lists/226525/EEA_OnePager_updated_9-4-20.pdf.
14	ERCOT.Energy emergency alert (EEA) tools[R/OL].Austin: ERCOT, 2021.http://www.ercot.com/content/wcm/lists/226525/EEA_Tools_One_Pager_Winter_2021_2-13-2021.pdf.
15	DOE.ERCOT 202(c) request letter[EB/OL].(2021-02- 14)[2021-02-23].https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2021/02/f82/ERCOT%20202%28c%29%20Emergency%20Order%20Request%20-%2002.14.2021.pdf.
16	DOE.Order No.202-21-1[EB/OL].(2021-02-14)[2021-02-23].https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2021/02/f82/DOE%20202%28c%29%20Emergency%20Order%20-%20ERCOT%2002.14.2021.pdf.
17	ERCOT.Extreme cold weather expected to result in record electric use in ERCOT region[EB/OL].(2021-02-11)[2021-02-23].http://www.ercot.com/news/releases/show/224996.
18	ERCOT.Grid operator continues to restore power[EB/OL].(2021-02-17)[2021-02-23].http://www.ercot.com/news/releases/show/225696.
19	ERCOT.Grid operator restores more power overnight[EB/OL].(2021-02-17)[2021-02-23].http://www.ercot.com/news/releases/show/225369.
20	ERCOT.PUC order directing ERCOT to take action regarding market prices[R/OL].Austin: ERCOT, 2021.http://www.ercot.com/content/wcm/lists/225213/51617WinterERCOTOrder.pdf.
21	ERCOT.Second PUC order directing ERCOT to take action regarding market prices[R/OL].Austin: ERCOT, 2021.http://www.ercot.com/content/wcm/lists/225346/51617_2nd_Winter_ERCOT_Order.pdf.
22	MSN.Texas deep freeze delivers Macquarie $210 million windfall[EB/OL].(2021-02-23)[2021-02-23]. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/finance-companies/texas-deep-freeze-delivers-macquarie-dollar210-million-windfall/ar-BB1dSXSS.
23	PUCT. PUC emergency actions to protect Texas electricity customers[R/OL]. Austin: PUCT, 2021. https://www.puc.texas.gov/agency/resources/pubs/news/2021/PUCTX-REL-COLD21-022121-EOM.pdf.
24	EIA.Extreme winter weather is disrupting energy supply and demand, particularly in Texas[EB/OL].(2021-02-19)[2021-02-23].https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=46836.
25	HAO Z.2021 Texas power outages: facts and initial thoughts[R].Austin: The University of Texas at Austin, 2021.
26	国网能源研究院有限公司. 2020国内外电力市场化改革分析报告[M]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2020: 16- 23.
	State Grid Energy Research Institute Co., Ltd. . Analysis report of domestic and foreign electricity market reform[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2020: 16- 23.
27	何剑, 屠竞哲, 孙为民, 等. 美国加州"8·14"、"8·15"停电事件初步分析及启示[J]. 电网技术, 2020, 44 (12): 4471- 4478.
	HE J , TU J Z , SUN W M . Preliminary analysis and lessons of California Power outage events on August 14 and 15, 2020[J]. Power System Technology, 2020, 44 (12): 4471- 4478.

[1]	Mengshu SHI, Xiaofeng XU, Jiguang ZHANG, Yi LI, Baozhong ZHOU, Ying LE, Sheng BI. A Two-Stage Optimization Strategy for Virtual Power Plants Considering the Electricity-Hydrogen Market [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(5): 645-655.
[2]	Haibin YU, Yuchen ZHANG, Yangyang LIU, Zengjie LU, Jinde WENG. Optimal Dispatching Bidding Strategy of Multi-Agent Virtual Power Plant Participating in Electricity Market Under Carbon Trading Mechanism [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(5): 634-644.
[3]	Haoyong CHEN, Yuxiang HUANG, Yang ZHANG, Fei WANG, Liang ZHOU, Junbo TANG, Xiaobin WU. Architecture Design of Virtual Power Plant Based on “Three Flow Separation-Convergence” [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(5): 616-624.
[4]	Daogang PENG, Jijun SHUI, Danhao WANG, Huirong ZHAO. Review of Virtual Power Plant Under the Background of “Dual Carbon” [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(5): 602-615.
[5]	Chaoyi PENG, Kun ZHANG, Yaping HU, Yongquan NIE. Application of Dynamic Monitoring System in Electricity Market Environment [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2021, 42(5): 595-603.
[6]	CHEN Haoyong. Electricity Value Analysis and Market Mechanism Design Under Carbon-Neutral Goal [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2021, 42(2): 141-150.
[7]	Chaopeng XIA. Prospect of Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things in Electricity Market [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2020, 41(2): 142-149.
[8]	Yiming FENG,Baozhong ZHOU,Jie LU. Research on Hydropower Development and Investment in Africa [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2019, 40(2): 201-206.