Research of Key Technologies for n-i-p Perovskite Solar Cells With SnO2 Electron Transport Layer

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22072

Abstract

Abstract:

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted extensive attentions due to their high-efficiency, simple preparation process and low-cost. The efficiency of the PSCs has increased from 3.8% to 25.7%. So far, more and more studies focus on n-i-p structured PSCs using SnO₂ as electron transport layer. However, its process reproducibility is relatively poor, and efficiency is still low. This report conducted a systematic study of planar n-i-p PSCs, mainly including the selection of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass, optimization of preparation parameters and the influence of storage conditions on device performance. Experimental results show that these parameters have an important impact on the device performance. At the same time, it was analyzed by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, absorption spectrum. The devices achieved an average efficiency of 21.85% and a highest efficiency of 23.47% with good reproducibility under the optimal conditions (Indium Tin oxide substrate, PbI₂ annealed at 70 ℃ for 1 min, standing time after dropping amine salt solution is less than 5 s, and stored in 4.5% humidity environment). This work provides scientific support for the preparation of high-efficiency and repeatable PSCs.

Key words: perovskite solar cells (PSCs), n-i-p, SnO₂, high-efficiency, reproducibility

CLC Number:

TK 01

Xiaopeng YUE, Xing ZHAO, Huilin YAN, Bingbing FAN, Hao HUANG, Luyao YAN, Peng CUI, Junfeng MA, Meicheng LI. Research of Key Technologies for n-i-p Perovskite Solar Cells With SnO₂ Electron Transport Layer[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2023, 44(1): 63-77.

Figures/Tables 28

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of PSCs structure

Fig. 2 Box comparison diagram of performance parameters of PSCs based on FTO and ITO substrates

Fig. 3 J-V curves of the optimal PSCs based on FTO and ITO substrates

Tab. 1 Best performing photovoltaic parameters of PSCs based on FTO and ITO substrates

TCO	J_sc/（mA/cm²）	V_oc/V	F_F/%	P_CE/%
FTO	22.34	1.11	71.73	17.78
ITO	23.27	1.11	75.43	19.47

Fig. 4 Box distribution diagram of performance parameters of PSCs at different annealing temperatures of PbI2

Fig. 5 J-V curves of optimal PSCs annealed at different annealing temperatures of PbI2

Tab. 2 Best performing photovoltaic parameters of PSCs at different annealing temperatures of PbI2

T/℃	J_sc/（mA/cm²）	V_oc/V	F_F/%	P_CE/%
65	19.55	1.06	71.18	14.86
70	23.77	1.14	75.05	20.26
75	24.12	1.10	73.44	19.42

Fig. 6 Perovskite film SEM images based on PbI2 at different annealing temperatures

Fig. 7 Absorption spectra of perovskite thin films prepared by PbI2 at different annealing temperatures

Fig. 8 Perovskite XRD spectrum at different annealing temperatures of PbI2

Fig.9 Box diagram of performance parameters of PSCs under different annealing time of PbI2 at 70 ℃

Fig. 10 J-V curves of the optimal PSCs under different annealing time of PbI2 at 70 ℃

Tab. 3 Best performing photovoltaic parameters of PSCs based on PbI2 annealed at 70 ℃ with different annealing time

t/s	J_sc/（mA/cm²）	V_oc/V	F_F/%	P_CE/%
55	23.27	1.11	75.43	19.47
60	23.77	1.14	75.05	20.26
65	23.73	1.10	75.11	19.54

Fig. 11 Perovskite film SEM images based on PbI2 at different annealing time of 70 ℃

Fig. 12 Absorption spectra of perovskite thin films based on PbI2 annealed at 70 ℃ with different annealing time

Fig. 13 Perovskite XRD spectrum under different annealing time of PbI2 at 70 ℃

Fig. 14 Box diagram of performance parameters of PSCs under different standing time after dropping amine salt solution

Tab. 4 Best performing photovoltaic parameters of PSCs under different standing time after dropping amine salt solution

t/s	J_sc/（mA/cm²）	V_oc/V	F_F/%	P_CE/%
0	24.17	1.16	79.57	22.26
5	24.21	1.16	78.80	22.07
10	24.21	1.11	79.56	21.29

Fig. 15 J-V curves of optimal PSCs under different standing time after dropping amine salt solution

Fig. 16 Perovskite film SEM images under different standing time after dropping amine salt solution

Fig. 17 Absorption spectra of perovskite thin films obtained after dripping amine salt solution for different standing time

Fig. 18 Perovskite XRD spectrum under different standing time after dropping amine salt solution

Fig.19 Distribution diagram of performance parameters of PSCs under different storage humidity conditions

Tab. 5 Photovoltaic parameters of PSCs under different storage humidity conditions

相对湿度/%	测试时间	J_sc/(mA/cm²)	V_oc/V	F_F/%	P_CE/%
4.5	初始值	23.61	1.16	78.90	21.56
4.5	1天后	24.11	1.16	76.56	21.36
20	初始值	23.50	1.11	69.84	18.14
20	1天后	23.60	1.05	48.77	12.12

Fig. 20 J-V curves change of optimal PSCs under different storage humidity conditions

Fig. 21 Box diagram comparison of performance parameters of 15 PSCs scanned at forward and backward direction using optimized processes

Fig. 22 Photovoltaic performance of champion PSCs under optimal condition

Tab. 6 Photovoltaic parameters of champion PSCs under optimal condition

冠军电池	J_sc/（mA/cm²）	V_oc/V	F_F/%	P_CE/%
反扫	24.82	1.144	79.76	22.65
正扫	24.89	1.161	81.19	23.47

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Research of Key Technologies for n-i-p Perovskite Solar Cells With SnO₂ Electron Transport Layer

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