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- Abstract：Hydrogen energy storage is an important support for promoting global green low-carbon transformation and realizing “carbon neutrality” goal. After the “double carbon” goal was put forward, hydrogen energy storage has become a hot topic of social concern. The safety of hydrogen energy storage is one of the problems that must be focused on and solved first. Safety problems in four stages of hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, hydrogen transport and hydrogen use were summarized and analyzed, including hydrogen leakage and diffusion, hydrogen combustion and explosion, compatibility of hydrogen with metals. At the same time, the current status and development of hydrogen leakage detection sensor technologies were analyzed, and the urgent problems and future development directions of hydrogen leakage detection technologies were pointed out.Keywords：hydrogen energy;carbon neutrality;hydrogen safety;hydrogen leak detection125|282|11<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
- Abstract：With the advancement of the national goal of “double carbon”, the hydrogen production by electrolytic water will usher in explosive growth, among which the topology and control of power supply is of great significance to improve the efficiency of hydrogen production system. This paper took the topology of isolated DC/DC hydrogen production power supply as the main line to sort out and analyze, and summarized and analyzed the structures, advantages and disadvantages of single-stage, two-stage, parallel and multi-port DC/DC isolated hydrogen production power supply according to different application scenarios. The analysis shows that the full-bridge resonant converter and the control scheme considering the temperature, pressure and hydrogen/oxygen cross-osmosis feedback of the electrolytic cell will become the development trend of high-power large-scale hydrogen production power supply which can adapt to wide range and strong fluctuation. Moreover, the isolated three-port DC/DC conversion power supply will become the distributed integrated electric-hydrogen coupling development mode in the future. The research of this paper aims to provide theoretical reference for the further research of hydrogen production by electrolytic water.Keywords：hydrogen energy;hydrogen preparation power supply;topological structure;hydrogen production by electrolytic water;isolated DC/DC converter80|105|8<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
A Review of Energy Management Strategy for Hydrogen-Electricity Hybrid Power System Based on Control Target AI Introduction
Abstract：Hydrogen fuel cells, as the energy supply device, have received a lot of attention because of their high energy density and low carbon emission characteristics. However, due to the insufficient hydrogen refueling infrastructures, the hydrogen cost is high, and the dynamic response of hydrogen fuel cells is poor. Therefore, the hybrid power system of rechargeable battery and hydrogen fuel cells is generally used to supply energy to vehicles such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), cars, and others. The energy management strategy of hybrid power system has an impact on the parameters of system dynamic response, economy and battery life. So the selection and design of energy management strategy are crucial to hybrid power system. This paper introduced the working principle of hydrogen-electricity hybrid power system and its energy supply methods. Besides, the current status of application and research progress of different energy management strategies for various application scenarios were summarized according to different control objectives. Finally, this paper presented the challenges of hybrid energy management strategies and outlooks their future development direction.Keywords：fuel cells;rechargeable battery;hydrogen-electricity hybrid power system;energy management strategy (EMS)101|458|6<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Operation Mode and Economy of Photovoltaic Coupled Water Electrolysis Hydrogen Production System As a Kind of Virtual Power Plant Resource AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to promote the utilization of clean and renewable energy such as solar energy and hydrogen energy, and better integrate it with virtual power plant technology, aiming at the coupling system of photovoltaic power station and electrolytic water hydrogen production, the operation mode of large-scale aggregate resources was constructed and the relevant economic analysis considering the initial investment of resources was carried out. At the same time, combined with the analysis of the annual output data of the actual photovoltaic power station project, it was discussed that when this kind of coupling resources were used as virtual power plant resources, while supporting the new power system and promoting the consumption of new energy, it could maintain and continuously optimize its own economy. The operation mode optimization elements, equipment function characteristics and market conditions worthy of attention were pointed out, which provided a reference for related research.Keywords：photovoltaic;water electrolysis for hydrogen production;virtual power plant;external characteristics95|66|10<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Technical and Economic Feasibility of Inter-Provincial Supply of Renewable Energy Hydrogen Production AI Introduction
Abstract：China is vigorously developing hydrogen energy and actively realizing the “3060” carbon emission target. It is estimated that China will become one of the largest producers and consumers of hydrogen energy. The resource endowment and economic development of Chinese provinces are different, so the inter-provincial energy cooperation is particularly important. In order to study the feasibility of inter-provincial supply of green hydrogen energy, including the technical feasibility of hydrogen energy transportation, the total cost of ownership (TCO) model of inter-provincial transportation of hydrogen energy was established by using the TCO theory. On this basis, the case study of hydrogen production in Jiangxi province for Guangdong province was analyzed. After model calculation, the cost of hydrogen energy from Jiangxi to Guangdong was found to be 31.9 yuan/kg, which is equal to the local price of hydrogen energy. Meanwhile, the main factors affecting the price of hydrogen energy from other provinces were summarized. It is found that the electricity cost of hydrogen production accounts for 42.38% of the cost of hydrogen production. This research results provide a solution for the supply of green hydrogen energy in China, and also provide a new idea for constructing a new energy transportation channel.Keywords：hydrogen storage;renewable energy;technical feasibility;economic feasibility50|151|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Key Technologies of Green Hydrogen Preparation, Storage and Multi-scenario Application
Research on China’s Future Energy System and the Realistic Path of Energy Transformation AI Introduction
Abstract：Based on the demand of China to achieve carbon neutrality and zero carbon energy architecture by 2060, this paper studied the future energy system and the realistic path of energy transformation in China. Combined with the trend of energy technology development and the actual situation of China’s current energy system dominated by fossil energy, the hard constraints of China’s energy transformation were analyzed. By comparing and studying the feasibility, the main challenges of different technology options for carbon neutrality energy solutions, and the global energy development trend, this paper deduced the realistic path of realizing carbon neutrality energy architecture and zero carbon energy transformation in 2060 under the premise of ensuring national energy security. Finally, the key technologies and the policy measures were put forward, which should be promoted to build a novel energy system with renewable energy as the main body for the future.Keywords：carbon neutrality;renewable energy;zero carbon energy;energy transformation;novel energy system113|164|49<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06- Abstract：Supercritical carbon dioxide(S-CO2) Brayton cycle has great development potential in the field of efficient utilization of clean energy represented by fourth-generation nuclear energy and solar energy. A reasonable and reliable control strategy is the key to ensure the safe, stable, efficient and flexible operation of the S-CO2 Brayton cycle system. This paper summarized the characteristics of S-CO2 Brayton cycle control, and summarized and compared the S-CO2 Brayton cycle control strategies under different application scenarios. The results show that the key control strategies of S-CO2 Brayton cycle include running state control, impeller machine control, heat source control, etc. The variable load control strategies mainly include volume control, turbine bypass control, turbine inlet throttle control, compressor speed control, etc. The analysis results provide a reference for the selection of S-CO2 Brayton cycle control strategies in related power generation fields.Keywords：supercritical carbon dioxide;Brayton cycle;control strategy;load change207|481|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
- Abstract：The development of industry has brought a large amount of CO2 emissions. In the process of achieving the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutralization, carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology is an indispensable key technology. The carbon capture method with high technology maturity at this stage and great development potential in the future is post combustion carbon capture technology, mainly including solvent absorption, adsorption, membrane method and cryogenic distillation. The development and industrial application of the four most commonly used carbon capture methods were briefly introduced, and the industrial applicability of several methods was analyzed, especially the chemical absorption method and physical adsorption method, which are most widely used in large-scale carbon capture projects currently running. Chemical absorption method, adsorption method and membrane carbon capture technology have great development potential in the future, which can quickly promote the achievement of the goal of double carbon and help the near-zero emission of carbon.Keywords：carbon dioxide capture;adsorption method;membrane method;cryogenic distillation72|92|20<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Carbon Neutrality
Influence of Thermal Inertia of Refractory Material in Furnace on the Peak Regulating Rate of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler AI Introduction
Abstract：The influence of thermal inertia of the furnace refractory on the peak regulation characteristics of a 300 MW circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB) was studied by using a numerical calculation method. Based on the actual operation conditions of the boiler, the calculation results reveal that the thermal inertia of refractory is affected by its thermal conductivity and the thickness. Specifically, the thermal inertia of refractory decreases with the increasing thermal conductivity and decreasing refractory thickness. As a consequence, the time that required for the refractory to reach heat equilibrium decreases from 5 812 s to 3 426 s if the thermal conductivity of refractory increases from 1 W/(m⋅K) to 15 W/(m⋅K), while it increases from 3 267 s to 7 771 s if the thickness of refractory material increases from 30 mm to 90 mm. Practically in the presence of the traditional refractory in the CFB dense phase zone, the time required to achieve heat equilibrium state becomes 82, 65 and 60 min when the load of this CFB boiler rises from 50% to 100% with a rate of 1%/min, 2%/min and 3%/min. For a refractory with higher thermal conductivity, the equilibrium response time will be reduced to 65, 46 and 40 min, correspondingly. According to the calculation results, a formula for the heat absorption rate of refractory material was obtained. In addition, the influencing coefficient of the thermal inertia of refractory on coal feeding was also defined and calculated.Keywords：circulating fluidized bed (CFB);peak regulation;thermal inertia;thermal conductivity64|152|5<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Research on Optimization Method of Precise Ammonia Injection in SCR de-NOx System of Coal-fired Power Plant AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to solve the problem of uneven ammonia injection in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) de-NOx system of coal-fired power plant, a precise ammonia control optimization method was proposed by combining the intelligent feed-forward cascade control technology with the partition control technology. In the intelligent feed-forward process, the improved one-dimensional convolution neural network model with higher prediction accuracy was used to predict the NOx mass concentration at the inlet of the SCR reactor, which was used as the intelligent feed-forward control signal to realize the fast and accurate control of the NOx mass concentration under the whole working condition of the unit. In the partition control process, the single sub area and multi-point synchronous sampling measurement technology and equalization control strategy were combined to realize the precise control of ammonia injection in each partition. The proposed optimization method has been applied to several coal-fired power plants. The operation results show that the precise control of ammonia injection amount is realized under the whole working conditions of the unit. The NOx mass concentration at the outlet section of SCR reactor is uniformly distributed. The ammonia consumption is obviously reduced and the economic benefit is significant.Keywords：coal-fired power plant;SCR de-NOx;precise ammonia injection;improved one-dimensional convolution neural network;partition control182|92|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Study on Optimization of Prediction Model of Flue Gas Oxygen Content in Thermal Power Plant Based on Least Squares Support Vector Machine AI Introduction
Abstract：The oxygen content in flue gas is an important monitoring parameter of boiler operation, and also an important basis that reflects the perfection of combustion equipment and boiler operation. Quickly and accurately measuring the oxygen content in flue gas according to operating conditions has important guiding significance for optimizing boiler combustion process. Based on the operation data of a 1 000 MW ultra-supercritical boiler in a power station, 31 factors affecting flue gas emission were selected, and cross validation (CV), particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and genetic algorithm (GA) were used to find the optimal parameters of the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) model, and the prediction model of flue gas oxygen content was established. The research results show that, compared with PSO-LSSVM and CV-LSSVM models, GA-LSSVM prediction model has better prediction ability for flue gas oxygen content, and has the advantages of high prediction accuracy, good generalization ability, and strong robustness. The relative error and mean square error of fitting prediction are 0.54% and 0.23% respectively, and the relative error and mean square error of generalization prediction are 1.66% and 2.13% respectively. It can accurately measure the oxygen content of boiler flue gas in thermal power plants, which lays a foundation for further optimal operation of boiler combustion system.Keywords：thermal power plant;least squares support vector machine (LSSVM);particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm;genetic algorithm (GA);cross validation (CV)37|143|6<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06- Abstract：The mercury migration and conversion characteristics of the lignite unit is not clear. The mercury concentration were measured by 30B method at five flue gas sampling points (before and after SCR, before low-temperature economizer, before and after desulfurization) in Inner Mongolia Guohua Hulunbuir Power Generation Co., Ltd. The emission concentration of mercury in the flue gas at the stack is 6.16, 4.53 and 2.98 μg/m3 at 319, 450, 550 MW, respectively. The emission concentration of mercury in flue gas decreases with the increase of unit load. In addition, the pollutant control devices have a synergistic effect on the mercury removal and the co-control efficiency is 31.48%, 29.68% and 66.65% at 319, 450, 550 MW. According to the mercury balance calculation, it can be found that after coal combustion, most of the mercury in the flue gas is discharged into the atmosphere (44.85%-65.27%), followed by fly ash (27.81%-51.15%) and gypsum (3.95%-14.61%). The fly ash test results indicate that the hardness value is between 0.28-7.15 GPa. The study results provide the basic data for further deep removal mercury from flue gas of coal-fired power plant.Keywords：coal-fired power plant;mercury;lignite;on-site sampling;balance calculation50|105|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Pressure Difference Prediction of Air Preheater in Coal-Fired Power Plant Based on BP Neural Network and Support Vector Regression AI Introduction
Abstract：The high pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the air preheater in coal-fired power plants has always been a problem that plagues the operation of the power plant. If the pressure difference of the air preheater can be predicted in advance and adjusted in time, it will be beneficial to the safe operation of the power plant. Based on the distributed control system (DCS) big data of a 660 MW coal-fired boiler, the BP neural network and support vector regression (SVR) methods were used to model the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of air preheater in the power plant.Comparing the prediction results of the two models, it is found that the BP neural network model is more suitable for the prediction of the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the air preheater under the background of big data. Aiming at the inherent shortcomings of BP neural network model such as local optimization and slow convergence speed, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used to improve it, and a PSO-BP neural network model was proposed. The results show that the PSO-BP neural network model has the best comprehensive performance, the highest accuracy in predicting the change in the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the air preheater, and the strongest generalization ability.Keywords：thermal power generation;air preheater;BP neural network;support vector regression (SVR);particle swarm optimization (PSO)56|226|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Study on Induced Draft Fan Fault Warning of Thermal Power Unit Based on Big Data Analysis AI Introduction
Abstract：Aiming at the frequent occurrence of induced draft fan faults in thermal power units, a kind of induced draft fan fault warning method based on big data analysis was proposed.Taking the induced draft fan of a 330 MW thermal power unit as the research object, 11 kinds of characteristic information closely related to its working state were extracted. After data pretreatment, a state prediction model of the induced draft fan was established based on BP neural network, and its error met the requirements of engineering. Using distributed control system (DCS) and safety instrumentation system (SIS), a set of induced draft fan state warning system was designed, and the visual interface of this warning system was developed. When the measured value of a certain feature information exceeds the safety threshold of the predicted value of the model, the system will remind the operator to carry out maintenance and troubleshooting, so as to realize an effective early warning of the induced draft fan fault.Keywords：thermal power generation;thermal power unit;induced draft fan;BP neural network;fault warning;big data55|513|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Power Generation and Environmental Protection
- Abstract：Multi-infeed AC-DC hybrid system is the notable form of China’s power grid upgraded because of the distribution of the generation and load. Multiple high-capacity high voltage direct current transmission lines enhance the transmission capacity, while the problem of small signal stability will emerge new features. As the complexity of the power grid increases, the small signal stability problem faced by multi-feed AC-DC power systems becomes more severe, and a specific theoretical analysis is urgently needed. The article introduced the typical structures and characteristics of multi-feed AC-DC hybrid systems. The system dynamic interaction mechanisms and the stability problems under the small signal stability caused by AC-DC system interaction were reviewed. The research methods and their achievements in this field were summarized. The future developing trend of multi-feed AC-DC hybrid system and the challenges were discussed to provide references for related research work at last.Keywords：multi-infeed AC-DC hybrid system;high voltage direct current;interaction;small signal stability68|479|10<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Influence of Inductance on DC/DC Conversion Efficiency AI Introduction
Abstract：Aiming at the influence of inductance on DC/DC conversion performance, this paper took the Boost converter as an example to analyze the factors affecting the equivalent circuit and conversion efficiency of Boost converter under the non-ideal conditions, and obtained the relationship between inductance parameters and circuit output voltage and conversion efficiency. On the basis of analyzing the influence of inductance parameters on the current ripple and circuit efficiency, a method to limit the selection range of inductance value was proposed based on the traditional design of filter inductor considering the critical continuous current. The local hysteresis loss and copper loss of KS226-075A core were calculated, and the change trend of DC/DC converter conversion efficiency with the increase of inductance was obtained. Finally, the correctness of the theory and the feasibility of the method were verified by experiments. At the same time, the selection range of inductance was corrected according to the experimental results, and the error between the calculation and experimental results was analyzed and explained.Keywords：power electronic;DC/DC conversion;conversion efficiency;inductance;local hysteresis loss46|225|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Smart Grid
