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Research Status and Prospect of Lithium-Ion Battery Modelling AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesAs one of the core technologies of battery management system (BMS), the research on lithium-ion battery model plays a vital role in optimizing battery performance and extending battery life. In order to facilitate the selection of appropriate models in different scenarios, different types of modeling methods for lithium-ion batteries are systematically summarized and compared.MethodsFirstly, the working principle of lithium-ion battery is explained, and the importance of accurate modeling is emphasized. Then, the current widely used lithium-ion battery models is comprehensively summarized according to different application scenarios, and a series of novel machine learning battery models are analyzed and discussed. Finally, the challenges of lithium-ion battery modelling techniques and future research trends are discussed.ConclusionsIt is found that traditional battery models all have certain limitations, while data-driven models often have more unique advantages in dealing with complex systems. Future research needs to find a balance between model complexity and usability. The research results provide a reference for application and future development of lithium-ion batteries in energy storage systems.Keywords：lithium-ion batterie;energy storage;electric vehicle;battery management system (BMS);battery modeling;equivalent circuit model (ECM);electrochemical model (EM);machine learning model136|177|5<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29Recent Developments on the Application of Chloride Molten Salt Heat Storage Technology to New Energy Power Generation AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesUnder the background of “double carbon”, molten salt thermal storage technology has been developed rapidly. Chloride molten salt has been used in solar thermal power generation and renewable energy peaking due to its advantages of good energy storage density, wide operating temperature range and low cost, therefore, the research progress of chloride molten salts in the field of new energy power generation is reviewed.MethodsThis work reviews domestic and international research on chloride molten salt materials, summarizes the methods to improve the thermal conductivity of chloride molten salts, outlines the measurement and regulation ways for the phase change behavior of chloride molten salts, and describes the corrosion studies on chloride molten salts. The application of chloride molten salt in the fields of photovoltaic power generation, new energy consumption and thermal power plant renovation is highlighted. It is pointed out that photovoltaic power generation is an important application of chloride molten salt in large-scale energy storage, and renewable energy consumption is a new strategy for the application of chloride molten salt. Finally, it outlooks the problems that need to be solved in the future development of chloride molten salt heat storage technology.ConclusionsThe development of alloy materials capable of withstanding high temperatures and corrosive environments, the exploration of cost-effective corrosion control technologies, and the collaborative development of chloride molten salt purification and corrosion mitigation methods are proposed as key issues for the commercialization of molten salt thermal storage technology. The transformation and upgrading of traditional energy systems by adopting molten salt thermal storage technology to realize clean and efficient energy utilization is an important trend in the future development of the energy field.Keywords：new energy;energy storage;solar energy;chloride molten salt;photothermal power generation;phase change heat storage;thermal conductivity;corrosion101|103|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29Comparison of Characteristics and Exergoeconomic Between Hydrogen and Natural Gas-Fueled Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesThe natural gas-fueled compressed air energy storage (CAES) system presents environmental pollution challenges, and replacing natural gas with hydrogen as fuel cannot cause greenhouse gas emissions. However, there is currently insufficient understanding of the technical and economic feasibility of the hydrogen-fueled CAES system, so it is necessary to carry out relevant research.MethodsBased on exergy and exergoeconomic analysis methods, a comparative analysis is conducted on the thermodynamic performance, distribution of irreversible losses, economic factors, and exergoeconomic performance of the hydrogen and natural gas fueled CAES systems. In addition, the sensitivity of two parameters is also discussed.ResultsThe hydrogen-fueled CAES system outperforms the natural gas-fueled CAES system in terms of discharge time, energy storage density, and exergy efficiency. Due to the higher cost of hydrogen compared with natural gas, the levelized cost per unit exergy of the product for the hydrogen-fueled CAES system is $155.62/GJ, significantly higher than the corresponding cost of $27.57/GJ for the natural gas-fueled CAES system. In order to align the investment payback period of the hydrogen-fueled CAES system with the commercial competitiveness of the natural gas-fueled CAES system, the recommended selling price for electricity should reach $0.206 2/(kW⋅h). Additionally, the hydrogen-fueled CAES system is more sensitive to parameter changes and can achieve better performance improvement and cost reduction under high parameter conditions.ConclusionsThe research results reveal the potential applications of the hydrogen-fueled CAES system and provide a technical reference for its further commercial promotion.Keywords：energy storage;hydrogen fuel;compressed air energy storage (CAES);exergoeconomic analysis;sensitivity analysis83|29|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29Research on Optimization of Operation Strategy for Independent New Energy Storage Power Stations Considering Capacity Value AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesThe construction of a new power system under the dual carbon goals requires energy storage to provide key support. Currently, the construction of new energy storage faces the challenges of high investment cost, long payback period, and low utilization rate. Therefore, a novel optimization method for operating strategies is proposed, aiming to promote the large-scale application and development of energy storage through shared investment cost among multiple parties.MethodsFirstly, a daily cost assessment model is established based on the full lifecycle cost of independent energy storage power stations. Then, based on the evaluation model, a multi-market participation framework covering peak-valley arbitrage, frequency regulation, and leasing is designed. Finally, by introducing a cost allocation coefficient, a flexible cost-sharing mechanism for energy storage is established, enabling dynamic optimization of the operation costs of energy storage power stations through leasing market price signals.ResultsThe method increases energy storage revenue, accelerates the cost recovery period, and the cost allocation coefficient can be flexibly adjusted with the development of energy storage technology, thereby improving the strategy’s adaptability and sustainability.ConclusionsThis study offers an effective pathway for energy storage cost allocation and holds significant implications for promoting large-scale investment in energy storage construction.Keywords：energy storage;independent new energy storage power station;cost allocation;strategy optimization;multi-market participation;capacity leasing;economic performance of energy storage123|38|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29
Energy Storage
Research Progress on Comprehensive Utilization Technologies of Zero-Carbon Geothermal Energy AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesIn the context of “dual carbon” goals (carbon peak and carbon neutrality), promoting large-scale application of geothermal energy in zero-carbon regional energy systems represents a critical pathway for energy transition. This study systematically reviews the research progress in development and utilization technologies of geothermal energy, aiming to reveal its critical role in multi-energy complementary systems and to provide theoretical support and technical pathways for building efficient and stable zero-carbon energy systems.MethodsThis study analyzes the current research status of heat extraction technologies of direct geothermal energy, ground source heat pump technologies, and geothermal power generation technologies, and points out their existing problems. It introduces integrated energy systems that couple geothermal energy with carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), solar energy, biomass energy, and hydrogen energy. Additionally, the study evaluates the architecture of zero-carbon industrial parks and compiles case studies of zero-carbon projects. The prospects of integrating geothermal energy with cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) for the development of zero-carbon systems are explored. Future research directions for geothermal energy development and utilization technologies are proposed.ConclusionsA preliminary framework for geothermal energy technologies has been established, but technical bottlenecks such as deep geothermal exploitation and adaptability improvement of enhanced geothermal systems remain to be overcome. Geothermal-based multi-energy coupled systems can significantly improve energy utilization efficiency, but challenges in system integration optimization and dynamic coordination remain unresolved. Digital technologies such as AI offer innovative approaches for precise geothermal resource development and system optimization. Demonstration projects in zero-carbon industrial parks validate the key role of geothermal energy in regional energy systems. Future efforts should prioritize key technologies such as reservoir modification, multi-energy complementarity, and intelligent regulation. Furthermore, policy support mechanisms should be strengthened to facilitate large-scale application of geothermal energy in the zero-carbon energy transition.Keywords：geothermal energy;renewable energy;solar energy;biomass energy;hydrogen energy;carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS);artificial intelligence (AI);zero-carbon energy65|35|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29- Abstract：ObjectivesThe catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol is one of the effective approaches for CO2 emission reduction. Metal-doped graphene is a potential catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation. To support the design and development of catalysts, the mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation catalyzed by Mo-doped graphene (Mo-graphene) is investigated.MethodsDensity functional theory (DFT) calculations and electronic structure analysis methods are used to study the catalytic activity of Mo-graphene, CO2 adsorption, and the reaction pathway for methanol production methanol production via hydrogenation.ResultsMo doping improves the catalytic activity of the graphene-based catalyst. The optimal adsorption configuration of CO2 on the catalyst is co-adsorption of carbon and oxygen. The adsorbed CO2 initially tends to bond with C and H, generating the key intermediate HCOO. The formation of HCOOH is identified as the rate-determining step in CO2 reduction. The corresponding reaction pathway is: CO2→ HCOO→ HCOOH→ HCO→ H2CO→ H3CO→ CH3OH.ConclusionsMo doping can improve the selectivity of the CO2 hydrogenation pathway on graphene-based catalysts, which is conducive to enhancing the selectivity of methanol.Keywords：carbon capture;carbon emission;graphene;Mo doping;CO2 hydrogenation;methanol50|20|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29
Economic Analysis of Grid Parity of Centralized Photovoltaic Power Plants in Different Regions AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesBased on the background of photovoltaic power generation without policy subsidy parity, the comprehensive analysis of the economic feasibility of grid parity for centralized photovoltaic power stations can provide a reference for economic optimization.MethodsThe process of economic evaluation of centralized photovoltaic power station and the accurate calculation method of critical point are studied, that is, the programming recursive calculation is used to replace the traditional fitting curve method. This paper puts forward the judgment method of whether the photovoltaic power station can be put on the grid at par, that is, whether the feed-in price at the critical point is lower than the regional coal-fired benchmark price. Taking a 65.59 MW centralized photovoltaic power station in Xinjiang as an example, the economic analysis is carried out to verify whether the judgment method is reasonable.ResultsThe algorithm enhances the accuracy of critical point calculations. Building upon this, an analysis of the overall situation and cost-effectiveness trends of grid parity in China is conducted. The findings suggest that centralized photovoltaic power stations in China can essentially achieve grid parity, with the central regions exhibiting the best economic benefits.ConclusionsUsing critical point analysis to determine if a power station can achieve grid parity will help assess the station’s resilience to risks, assist businesses in making informed decisions to achieve cost reduction and efficiency improvement.Keywords：photovoltaic power generation;centralized photovoltaic power station;grid parity;critical point;cost reduction and efficiency improvement;economic benefit;economic evaluation process43|45|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29Analytical Model and Experimental Validation of Optical-Thermal-Electrical Performance of Bifacial Photovoltaic Systems AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesBifacial photovoltaic (BPV) can provide rear-side gain and has promising development prospects. However, how to accurately analyze the performance of BPV systems under coupled environmental conditions has become one of the urgent issues to be addressed. To this end, an optical-thermal-electrical-environmental coupling (OTEEC) model is proposed to explore the optical-thermal-electrical performance of BPV panels in real environments.MethodsFirstly, the propagation path of light in the BPV system is simulated based on the Monte Carlo ray tracing method to obtain the non-uniform irradiation distribution on the front and rear sides of the BPV panel. Then, the system's thermal-electrical performance is calculated using the finite volume method and the discrete integral method, respectively. Finally, the model is validated through experiments and compared with the existing optical-thermal-electrical coupling (OTEC) model.ResultsOn both cloudy and sunny days, the maximum relative errors between the irradiation distribution on the front and rear sides of the BPV panel obtained from the OTEEC model and the experimental data are less than 13%. On windless cloudy days and windy sunny days, the maximum relative errors between temperature data and instantaneous electric power obtained from the OTEEC model and the experimental results are less than 11%. Moreover, the calculation accuracy of the OTEEC model is higher than that of the existing OTEC model under both windy and windless conditions.ConclusionsThe OTEEC model has good universality and reliability, provides a scientific basis for the performance enhancement, operation scheduling, and management of BPV systems.Keywords：bifacial photovoltaic (BPV) system;optical-thermal-electrical coupling (OTEC) model;optical-thermal-electrical- environmental coupling (OTEEC) model;Monte Carlo ray tracing method;performance analysis;environmental conditions;optical-thermal-electrical performance;experimental validation39|45|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29Economic Model and Key Influencing Factors of Rooftop Distributed Photovoltaic Power Generation in the Whole County AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesIn the context of the “dual carbon” goal and new energy grid parity, the economic analysis of rooftop distributed photovoltaic in the whole county is carried out, in order to explore the feasibility of the county-wide distributed photovoltaic mode.MethodsBased on the cost-benefit theory, the cost and benefit components of the whole life cycle of distributed photovoltaic system are analyzed, and the economic model is established. Taking a residential distributed photovoltaic power generation demonstration zone in Suzhou as an example, the economic feasibility analysis is carried out by selecting the net present value, dynamic payback period and internal rate of return. Moreover, the impact of sensitive factors such as government subsidies, installed capacity costs and operation and maintenance rate on its economy is further analyzed.ResultsWith or without government subsidies, in the case of low equipment operation and maintenance rate, the income under the owner operation mode is the highest. In the case of high equipment operation and maintenance rate, the cooperative operation mode has the highest benefit.ConclusionsThe rooftop distributed photovoltaic power generation in the whole county should choose a reasonable operation mode under different operation and maintenance rates. Investors can choose the best operation mode according to specific needs, reduce investment risks and improve the comprehensive benefits.The research results can provide a reference for the subsequent investment decision-making of photovoltaic projects in the county.Keywords：carbon peak;carbon neutrality;new energy;distributed photovoltaic power generation;economic model;operation and maintenance mode57|42|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29Research on the Influence of Axial Applied Magnetic Field on the Performance Characteristics of Disk Magnetohydrodynamic Generator AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesDisk magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators hold broad development prospects in clean energy generation and space power supply. The axial applied magnetic field is one of the important operating parameters of the disk MHD generator. To deeply study the influence of the axial external magnetic field on the performance of the disk-type magnetohydrodynamic generator, a physical model of the disk generator is proposed.MethodsIn this paper, a full flow channel physical model including the inlet, power generation channel, and exhaust channel of the disk MHD generator is established. The influence of the axial applied magnetic field on the flow characteristics, ionization characteristics, and power generation process of the disk MHD generator is analyzed through numerical simulation of the r-z quasi 2-D MHD model.ResultsUnder the 5 T magnetic field, the disk MHD generator achieves high enthalpy extraction ratio and high isentropic efficiency due to the generation of a higher level of Faraday current and plasma stability.ConclusionsThrough numerical simulation, the performance of the disk MHD generator under different axial magnetic fields is analyzed more accurately. This numerical simulation method is of great significance for improving the operational control accuracy and power generation efficiency of the disk MHD generator under optimal performance conditions.Keywords：disk magnetohydrodynamic generator;axial applied magnetic field;non-equilibrium plasma;generator performance;full flow channel physical model;Faraday current;flow and ionization characteristics;cubic interpolation pseudo-particle method40|68|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29
New Energy
- Abstract：ObjectivesTo improve the ability of AC electric springs (ACES) to stabilize the voltage of critical load (CL) under load switching and grid-side voltage fluctuations, a model predictive current control (MPCC) strategy is proposed.MethodsFirstly, for variable load conditions, the reference model of the critical load current is established as the ratio of the next critical load reference voltage to the critical load equivalent impedance at the current moment. The dynamic response capability of ACES during load switching is improved by using the variable critical load current reference value. Secondly, to address critical load voltage fluctuations, the control strategy operates the ACES in different modes, enabling the predicted critical load current to track the varying current reference value. This further ensures that the critical load voltage tracks the given value.ResultsUnder the conditions of load switching and grid-side voltage fluctuations, the proposed control strategy suppresses the critical load voltage fluctuations within 0.45% while maintaining the power quality of the non-critical load, and controls the total harmonic distortion of the critical load voltage below 0.6%.ConclusionsThe control strategy effectively improves the ability of ACES to suppress load voltage fluctuations and provides a reference for its integration into the power grid.Keywords：current control;model predictive control;AC electric spring;critical load46|38|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29
Q-Learning-Based Method for Distribution Layer Partitioning and Grid Planning in Hybrid Centralized-Distributed Networks AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesTo improve the research on distribution layer partitioning and grid planning in hybrid centralized-distributed networks, this study fully considers various factors such as the requirements of hybrid centralized-distributed networks and proposes a method for distribution layer partitioning and network planning based on Q-learning.MethodsThe method addresses issues such as directed and undirected transitions, grid connectivity, and multi-factor classification during the training process. The Reward and Agent are improved based on the different requirements of the two stages: distribution layer partitioning and grid planning. This makes the model more comprehensive by incorporating more elements and is verified through simulations using actual power grid data.ResultsCompared to traditional grid planning methods, the hybrid centralized-distributed planning scheme using this method provides better economic efficiency while ensuring a certain level of reliability.ConclusionsThe proposed method demonstrates significant application value in distribution networks with high renewable energy penetration, providing a novel idea and technical approach for the planning and design of hybrid centralized-distributed networks.Keywords：distribution network;hybrid centralized-distributed form;distribution layer partitioning;grid planning;reinforcement learning;agent;machine learning82|119|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29
New Power System
- Abstract：ObjectivesFlue gas recirculation (FGR) can effectively mitigate the issue of high furnace wall temperature in supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) boilers. The selection of an appropriate flue gas recirculation rate is critical for the design of S-CO2 boilers. Therefore, this study analyzes the influence of different flue gas recirculation rates on the thermodynamic performance and economic efficiency of the boilers.MethodsA 125 MW S-CO2 coal-fired boiler is taken as the research object. The thermodynamic performance of the boiler under different flue gas recirculation rates is analyzed using a thermodynamic calculation method and the conceptual design is proposed, while keeping the boiler efficiency constant. On this basis, the economic efficiency of the boiler and the unit is further studied using the multistage weighted mass method and levelized cost of electricity.ResultsWith increasing flue gas recirculation rate, the material cost of boiler’s radiant heating surface decreases, while the cost of other heating surfaces increases, leading to an increase in the total investment cost of the boiler. However, FGR results in additional costs for fans, fuel, and other extra expenses.ConclusionsConsidering both safety and economic efficiency, a flue gas recirculation rate of 20%-30% is recommended for optimal boiler design.Keywords：thermal power generation;coal-fired power generation;supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2);boiler;economic analysis;flue gas recirculation (FGR);thermal calculation78|8|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29
- Abstract：ObjectivesTo address the delayed dynamic adaptation between the ammonia injection command and the NOx concentration at the inlet section of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification reactor, as well as the insufficient ammonia injection accuracy in current SCR denitrification ammonia injection control systems, a prediction model for the NOx concentration at the inlet section of the SCR denitrification reactor of a 660 MW coal-fired unit is developed.MethodsThe sampled data from the coal-fired unit are preprocessed in combination with the flue duct structure of the unit. Subsequently, a bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) is applied to generate a preliminary prediction of the NOx concentration at the inlet section of the SCR denitrification ammonia injection reactor. Next, a least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) is utilized to correct the prediction residuals, thereby minimizing the prediction error of the model to the greatest extent. Finally, in order to evaluate the prediction performance of the proposed model, simulation and real-time validation are carried out.ResultsThis model exhibits excellent performance in predicting the NOx concentration at the inlet section of the SCR reactor under various unit load conditions and variable coal quality conditions. The prediction error in real-time validation is only 5.772 mg/m3, with an advance prediction capability of 8.5 s.ConclusionsThis prediction model can provide accurate feedforward information for the ammonia injection control system.Keywords：coal-fired unit;data preprocessing;neural network prediction;denitrification;bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM);least squares support vector machine (LSSVM);selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactor;NOx concentration prediction97|41|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29
Experimental Study on Wide-Load Low-NOx Combustion Retrofit for Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Burning High-Alkali Coal AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesDuring the operation of a 440 t/h circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler burning high-alkali coal in Xinjiang, China, it is found that its NOx emissions do not meet the standard. Consequently, an experimental study for low-NOx combustion retrofit is conducted on this boiler.MethodsNOx emissions are reduced through boiler component modifications and operational parameter adjustments. To enhance separator efficiency and thereby lower the average bed temperature of the boiler, the heating surface of the water-cooled wall is appropriately extended, and the inlet velocity of the separator is increased. The secondary air is optimized by adjusting the height of the secondary air nozzles. To create a reducing atmosphere, a flue gas recirculation system is added.ResultsThrough comprehensive transformation measures, the average bed temperature and furnace flue gas temperature of the boiler are significantly reduced, and the O2 content in the flue gas is effectively decreased. A more uniform temperature field and a reducing atmosphere are created, both of which are conducive to suppressing NOx formation, thereby reducing NOx generation and emissions.ConclusionsFollowing the retrofit, ultra-low NOx emissions (below 40 mg/m3) are achieved under wide-load conditions even without employing selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). This retrofit practice holds positive implications and reference value for low-NOx combustion control in existing CFB boilers.Keywords：pure burning of high-alkali coal;circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler;boiler retrofit;low-NOx combustion;ultra-low emissions;wide load;reducing atmosphere118|26|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29Application and Optimization Research on Combined Denitrification Technology in 350 MW Supercritical Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesSelective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification technology is widely used in circulating fluidized bed boilers in thermal power plants. During actual operation, the amount of ammonia used is too high and the ammonia escape rate is high, resulting in air preheater corrosion, blockage, and high differential pressure. In order to solve these problems, the denitration system of a 350 MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler in a power plant was reformed and optimized.MethodsA layer of SCR catalyst was added between the secondary economizer and the primary economizer of the supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler, and a urea lance was added at the flue gas outlet of the cyclone separator. The low-NOx combustion was achieved by grading the air supply and optimizing the air volume. The ammonia injection system was controlled in separate areas to achieve precise ammonia injection, and the equipment was regularly maintained.ResultsAfter modification and optimization, on the basis of achieving ultra-low emissions, the input temperature of the ammonia injection system is reduced, the boiler can run continuously and stably under 30% load. Moreover, the use of urea is reduced, the ammonia escape rate is decreased, and there is basically no ash deposit on the heat storage element of air preheater and the bag of electrostatic precipitator. The pressure difference between them is less than the design value.ConclusionsThe operation efficiency of the denitration system can be improved effectively and the ammonia escape rate can be reduced by reforming and optimizing the denitration system.Keywords：thermal power;coal combustion;circulating fluidized bed boiler;denitration;ultra-low emission;selective catalytic reduction (SCR);ammonia escape rate;NOx emission75|85|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29Analysis of Influence of Coal-Ammonia Co-firing on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of Heating Surfaces in Coal-Fired Boiler AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesAmmonia co-firing is an effective way to reduce carbon emission from coal-fired boiler. However, there are few studies on the analysis of ammonia co-firing from the perspective of the entire furnace scale. Therefore, the heat transfer behavior under different loads are systematically analyzed.MethodsCombined with numerical simulation and boiler thermodynamic calculation, the influence of ammonia co-firing on the heat transfer of furnace and convection heating surface of a 600 MW subcritical coal-fired boiler under different loads of 50%- 100% is investigated. The variation characteristics of working fluid temperature, flue gas temperature and boiler efficiency with varying ammonia co-firing ratios (0-40% calorific value ratio) are analyzed.ResultsThe furnace outlet flue gas temperature tends to decrease with increasing ammonia co-firing ratio. By adjusting the attemperation water of boiler, the outlet temperature of the working fluid on each heating surface remains stable when co-firing 0-40% ammonia. Additionally, the temperature of primary and secondary hot air at the air preheater outlet slightly decreases with a higher proportion of ammonia. Compared with pure coal combustion, the exhaust gas temperature of the boiler increases by 7.8-8.1 ℃at 20%-40% ammonia co-firing ratio, leading to a decrease of boiler efficiency by 0.9%-1.1%.ConclusionsAppropriately adjusting the parameters, stable boiler operation can be maintained with an ammonia co-firing ratio below 50%.The findings provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the application of coal-ammonia co-combustion technology.Keywords：coal-fired power generation;coal-fired boiler;ammonia co-firing;numerical simulation;heat transfer characteristic;thermodynamic calculation84|35|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29Numerical Analysis of Particle Residence Time Distribution Characteristics in Fluidized Bed Based on Orthogonal Test AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesThe residence time distribution (RTD) of particles is an important index to evaluate gas-solid mixing degree in fluidized bed, but there are many influencing factors and it is difficult to control. In order to design and optimize the fluidized bed with continuous operation, it is necessary to explore the influence of structure and operation parameters on RTD of particles.MethodsBased on the Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model coupled with the component transport equation, a three-dimensional numerical calculation model of the particle RTD in a rectangular fluidized bed with continuous operation is established. The orthogonal simulation tests with 25 sets are designed to investigate the effects of the baffle structure, number, flow width, particle inlet mass flow rate, and superficial gas velocity on the particle RTD.ResultsThe inlet mass flow rate of particles has the most significant effect on the average residence time of particles, followed by the superficial gas velocity, and both of them are inversely proportional to the average residence time of particles. However, for the dimensionless variance of RTD, the number of baffles and the mass flow rate are important influencing factors. The increase of them will reduce the dimensionless variance, weaken the backmixing degree of the fluidized bed, and make the flow tend to plug flow, but the number of baffles has a greater impact.ConclusionsThe average residence time of particles can be effectively controlled by adjusting the mass flow rate of particles. The number of baffles is a key structural parameter for designing fluidized beds.The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of fluidized bed.Keywords：fluidized bed;heat transfer;residence time distribution;orthogonal test;optimal design52|29|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29Effects of Variable-Flow Water Distribution on Cooling Performance of Wet Cooling Towers and Its Optimization AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesWhen distributing water across the whole tower under different water flow rates, the water distribution uniformity has a significant effect on the cooling performance of wet cooling tower. In order to realize the high efficiency and energy-saving operation of wet cooling tower in the whole process of deep peak-shaving of wet cooling power units, the influence of the variable flow rate of the wet cooling tower on the water distribution uniformity and cooling performance of the whole tower is studied, and the water distribution optimization is carried out.MethodsBased on the theoretical calculation model for water distribution in wet cooling tower and the three-dimensional thermal calculation model, the variation characteristics of water mass flow rate, water distribution and its non-uniformity during whole-tower water distribution under single-pump and dual-pump operation are studied. The influence of variable flow water distribution on the surface water temperature and average water temperature of cooling tower pool is analyzed, and the optimization scheme of water distribution is put forward.ResultsWhen switching from dual-pump to single-pump operation, the non-uniformity coefficient of water distribution in the inner zone is increased from 3.8% to 6.8% under the scheme only considering the optimization of water distribution in dual-pump operation, and zero spray phenomenon occurs at the end of some water distribution pipes in the outer zone, which weakens the cooling performance of the outer zone when the water distribution of the whole tower is operated by single-pump. Combined with the flow change of circulating water pump under variable operating conditions, an optimization scheme of water distribution in the whole tower integrating single-pump and dual-pump operation is proposed, which can reduce the average outlet water temperature by 0.8 ℃ under the single-pump operation.ConclusionsConsidering the optimization design of the water distribution uniformity of the whole tower during the variable flow water distribution of the wet cooling tower, the high efficiency and energy-saving operation of the cold end of the wet cooling units under the full working condition of the deep peak-shaving can be realized.Keywords：thermal power generation;cooling tower;variable flow rate water distribution;water distribution uniformity;water distribution optimization;cooling performance;deep peak-shaving;energy-saving54|93|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29- Abstract：ObjectivesTo improve the reconstruction accuracy of temperature distribution in acoustic tomography, a two-stage reconstruction algorithm based on compressed sensing and multi-scale dilated convolution is proposed.MethodsFirst, a compressed sensing model for reconstructing temperature distribution in acoustic tomography is developed, and the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm is used to obtain a coarse-grid temperature distribution. Then, a multi-scale convolutional neural network is established to predict the fine-grid temperature distribution reconstruction results, where a compensation channel for original measurement is incorporated to enhance the utilization of prior information. Three numerical models of typical temperature distributions are established and compared with the OMP, algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART), and Landweber algorithms.ResultsThe proposed algorithm achieves an average relative error and a root mean square error of 0.45% and 0.64%, respectively, with reconstruction errors lower than those of other algorithms.ConclusionsThe two-stage temperature distribution reconstruction algorithm can effectively alleviate the ill-posedness of the temperature distribution reconstruction problem, thereby improving the reconstruction accuracy.Keywords：acoustic tomography;high-resolution reconstruction;compressed sensing;multi-scale dilated convolution;orthogonal matching pursuit43|27|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2026-06-29
Power Generation and Environmental Protection
