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From Virtual Power Plant to Real Electricity: Summary and Prospect of Virtual Power Plant Research AI Introduction
Abstract：With a large number of distributed energy resources connected to the grid,virtual power plants as a distributed energy management technology have received a lot of attention because of their flexibility,efficiency and sustainability. This paper briefly discussed the background of virtual power plants, analyzed the hot directions and emerging directions in virtual power plants,and introduced the composition and structure of virtual power plants. According to the different goals and functions of virtual power plants,virtual power plants can be divided into mission-driven virtual power plants, economy-driven virtual power plants and hybrid driven virtual power plants. On this basis, the different operation modes and different solution methods of different types of virtual power plants were further discussed. Finally,the future development prospects of virtual power plants were prospected.Keywords：virtual power plant;energy market;flexible resources;distributed energy resources177|2245|6<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06- Abstract：In order to cope with the increasing shortage of fossil fuels and a series of threats brought by global climate change, and achieve the goal of “dual carbon”, the proportion of renewable energy such as wind power and photovoltaic power in the grid has been continuously increased. However, the renewable energy power generation is random and uncontrollable, and the access location is scattered, which increases the difficulty of safe and stable operation of the power system. The introduction of virtual power plant (VPP)provides a feasible path for the above problems. The concept and classification of VPP was summarized and expounded. Moreover, the main differences between VPP and microgrid were compared. The existing researches from the perspectives of coordinated control, resource aggregation and optimal scheduling, and participation in the electricity market were analyzed and summarized. Taking the blockchain and digital twin technologies as examples, the applications of digital technologies in VPP were analyzed. Finally, the development prospects of VPP suitable for China’s national conditions and the challenges that may be faced in the future were pointed out.Keywords：virtual power plant (VPP);renewable energy;carbon peak;carbon neutrality;coordinated control;resource aggregation;optimal scheduling;electricity market159|1420|21<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Architecture Design of Virtual Power Plant Based on “Three Flow Separation-Convergence” AI Introduction
Abstract：With the increase of new energy penetration, the power balance and frequency stability problems brought by its randomness, intermittency and volatility has become increasingly serious. It is difficult to cope with these problems only by traditional centralized power plants. Flexible resources in the power systems should also bear a part of the responsibility for the balance of power and energy. Virtual power plant (VPP) can aggregate a large number of distributed flexible resources with different characteristics, participate in the electricity markets as a whole and accept the dispatch of the grid, and provide important support for the real-time power balance of the power systems. The development of VPPs should be based on a large number of flexible resources, advanced communication and dispatching/control technologies, and efficient business models and good market policies. The operation of VPPs can be attributed to the energy flow of the energy network, the information interaction of the information network and the value transfer of the value network. Therefore, based on the three-layer network architeciture of “energy-information-value”, the operation modes and control schemes of different types of VPPs were analyzed, and the idea of “three flow separation-convergence” for VPP architecture design was proposed. The findings provide useful guidance for the design, construction and operation of VPPs.Keywords：new energy;new power system;virtual power plant (VPP);electricity market;energy flow;information flow;value flow61|1014|6<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Optimal Scheduling Strategy of Multi-Energy Complementary Virtual Power Plant Considering Renewable Energy Consumption AI Introduction
Abstract：Focusing on the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the low-carbonization of the whole link of energy power system (i.e., source-network-load-storage) faces new requirements and challenges. The high proportion of renewable energy generation has become an inevitable trend. Considering the impact of the uncertainty of renewable energy generation on the safe and stable operation of the power system, the use of virtual power plant (VPP) with multi-energy complementary characteristics is a favourable way to solve this problem. Therefore, an optimal scheduling strategy of multi-energy complementary VPP was proposed. Firstly, taking into account the coupling relationship between multiple energy sources, a VPP operation mechanism that takes into account the entire source-grid-load-storage chain was constructed. Secondly, according to the proposed operation mechanism, a multi-energy complementary optimal dispatching model with low carbon economy as the goal was proposed to promote the consumption of renewable energy by coordinating the dispatching of various types of devices. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy was verified by simulating and analyzing a reference case of a multi-energy complementary VPP including renewable energy generation in a region.Keywords：virtual power plant (VPP);renewable energy;carbon peak;carbon neutrality;source-grid-load-storage integration;optimal scheduling strategy80|83|23<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Optimal Dispatching Bidding Strategy of Multi-Agent Virtual Power Plant Participating in Electricity Market Under Carbon Trading Mechanism AI Introduction
Abstract：Under the carbon trading mechanism, virtual power plants (VPP) aggregating distributed energy resource (DER) to participate in electricity market (EM) trading will help new energy consumption and improve environmental benefits. This paper constructed a multi-agent VPP model including wind turbine, photovoltaic power, controllable distribution generation, stored energy, and flexible load, and formulated bidding strategies for each entity participating in the electric energy market (EEM) and peak regulating market (PRM). The EEM and PRM examples showed that participating in peak regulating bidding by VPP could achieve the maximum benefits of VPP and reasonable distribution of the interests among DER members. Moreover, this paper introduced the carbon trading mechanism, analyzed the correlation between changes in carbon trading price and wind and solar consumption rate, carbon emissions and VPP benefits, and further explored the impact of carbon sink resource trading on electricity price, output and energy demand change rate. It provided a basis for the ecological protection compensation mechanism of carbon sink value, and also provided a reference for the price transmission effect of carbon market (CM) on EM under the coordination of electricity-carbon market and the optimization design of CM price mechanism.Keywords：carbon trading scheme;virtual power plant (VPP);new energy consumption;peak regulating market (PRM);electricity market (EM);carbon sink resources85|519|17<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06A Two-Stage Optimization Strategy for Virtual Power Plants Considering the Electricity-Hydrogen Market AI Introduction
Abstract：As the main body of resource aggregation, virtual power plant (VPP) not only needs to participate in the external energy market, but also needs to optimize the management of internal resources.Different from other energy storage systems, hydrogen energy storage systems can participate in the hydrogen market in addition to the backup and supplement functions of electric energy.For a virtual power plant operator (VPPO), it is necessary to optimize the dispatch of internal resources as well as to develop a bidding strategy for both the electricity and hydrogen markets based on operational conditions and external market information.In this study, a two-stage model was developed, taking into account the interaction mechanism between the internal and external sides.The first stage of the model was based on the operational optimization of the internal resources of renewable energy, flexible load, pumped storage and hydrogen storage systems, while the second stage of the model aimed to optimize the bidding strategy by maximizing the total revenue in the electricity energy market, auxiliary services market and hydrogen market.Keywords：virtual power plant(VPP);electricity market;hydrogen market;hydrogen storage system70|90|8<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06System Framework and Comprehensive Functions of Intelligent Operation Management and Control Platform for Virtual Power Plant AI Introduction
Abstract：Virtual power plant has become an important means to promote the construction of new power system and achieve the goal of “double carbon”. The intelligent operation management and control platform of virtual power plant effectively realizes the management and monitoring of flexible and adjustable resources in virtual power plant. The intelligent operation management and control platform of virtual power plant was described from the perspective of system framework and comprehensive functions. Firstly, the energy ecosystem of virtual power plant was analyzed and summarized based on framework of operation management and control, and market participation of virtual power plant. The intelligent operation management and control platform of virtual power plant was analyzed based on characteristics of platform system framework and platform structure framework. Then, the comprehensive functions of intelligent operation management and control platform of virtual power plant were analyzed from three aspects of functional structure blueprint, functional physical structure and functional scenario application.Keywords：virtual power plant;intelligent operation;management and control platform;energy internet;source, network, load and storage;load aggregator;energy system72|609|5<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Virtual Power Plant Planning, Scheduling and Control Technology
Analysis of Energy Consumption Characteristics of Carbon Capture System in Coupled Membrane Condenser AI Introduction
Abstract：Aiming at the high energy consumption of coal fired units integrated with post-combustion CO2 capture systems, a carbon capture system integrated with membrane condenser based on the recovery potential of low-grade heat in flue gas by membrane condenser was proposed. Based on the chemical process simulation software Aspen plus and Tarong conventional carbon capture system as a reference, a comparative analysis was conducted on the changes in cold and hot load of carbon capture before and after the membrane condenser was used for process transformation, providing a basis for the design and operation of the device. When the carbon capture rate is 90%, the regeneration energy consumption of the new system is reduced to 4.275 MJ/kg CO2 compared with 4.341 MJ/kg CO2 of the conventional carbon capture system. Changing the key parameters of the new system, it is found that when the flue gas temperature and CO2 capture rate of the inlet and outlet of the membrane condenser are constant, the recovery rate of flue gas water increases and the regeneration energy consumption decreases. When the outlet flue gas temperature, flue gas water recovery rate and CO2 capture rate of membrane condenser are constant, the inlet flue gas temperature increases and the regeneration energy consumption decreases. In addition, the cooling load decreases with the increase of water recovery and increases with the increase of heat recovery.Keywords：carbon capture;alcohol amine solution;membrane condenser;regeneration energy consumption53|198|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06- Abstract：Chemical absorption method is one of the most widely used technologies to capture CO2 from flue gas of coal-fired power plants, but it has problems of low absorption capacity and high regeneration energy consumption. Therefore, it is one of the current research focuses to develop a new efficient CO2 absorbent to replace the traditional monoethanolamine (MEA) absorbent..To study the CO2 absorption and desorption performance of aminoethylpiperazine (AEP)+sodium glycinate (SG) complex solution with different proportions, 30%MEA was used as a reference standard. By adding different additives to adjust the pH value of the solution, the regeneration performance of the absorbent was improved. According to the absorption capacity, absorption rate, desorption capacity, desorption rate, absorption-desorption cycle performance and regeneration energy consumption of the absorbent, 35%AEP+5%SG+1% citric acid was selected as the best compound absorbent. The results show that the ratio of 35%AEP+5%SG+1% citric acid absorbent CO2 absorption is 3.70 mol/L, desorption capacity is 3.55 mol/L, desorption rate is 96.05%, unit regeneration energy consumption is 136.75 kJ/mol. Compared with 30%MEA, the absorption capacity is increased by 1.18 times, desorption capacity is increased by 2.17 times, desorption rate is increased by 30.93%, and regeneration energy consumption is decreased by 33.90%. After 10 cycle tests, the compound solution has good cycle stability and good regeneration performance, and has potential application value.Keywords：carbon dioxide;coal-fired power plant;CO2 absorbent;N-aminoethyl piperazine;sodium glycine;citric acid56|137|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Carbon Neutrality
Structure Optimization and Experimental Study of PEDOT:PSS/Si Hybrid Solar Cells With SiNWs AI Introduction
Abstract：The large length of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) leads to their good optical properties, which causes increasing losses in the electrical performance of solar cells. The SiNWs in PEDOT:PSS/Si hybrid solar cells were optimized by simulations and experiments, and the effects of surface recombination rate and series resistance caused by SiNWs length on the performance of solar cells were studied. The results show that with the increase of SiNWs length, the surface recombination mainly affects the open circuit voltage and has great influence on the performance of solar cells. Moreover, the series resistance mainly affects the filling factor and has little effect on the performance of solar cells. Experiments show that when the length of SiNWs is about 246 nm, the highest conversion efficiency (12.88%) of PEDOT:PSS/Si hybrid solar cells can be obtained. The research results can provide guidance for the design of Si-based solar cells with SiNWs.Keywords：silicon nanowires (SiNWs);PEDOT:PSS/Si hybrid solar cells;structure optimization88|94|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Research and Practice on Localization of Offshore Wind Turbines AI Introduction
Abstract：This paper analyzed the localization status of key components and systems in offshore wind turbines such as blades, spindles, electrical systems, and control systems.In view of the localization weaknesses existing in the components and systems of offshore wind turbines, the localization of blades, main bearings, converters and programmable logic controller (PLC) was carried out by using the ideas of theoretical analysis, material/component selection, component development, test verification and overall assembly, and 5 MW offshore wind turbines were assembled with the developed localization components and systems. The localization rate of the unit was more than 95%. The results show that most of the components and systems of offshore wind turbines have the conditions for localization, but some technologies, such as blade design, still rely on imports, and a few core components are still missing in China.Keywords：offshore wind power;localization;wind turbine;blade;main bearing;programmable logic controller (PLC) control system92|419|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06- Abstract：Offshore wind power is a kind of green energy, which has attracted more and more attention. The anti-corrosion technology of offshore wind power facilities has become a current research hotspot. This paper first expounded the corrosion mechanism of equipments in the marine environment, and then introduced the commonly used anti-corrosion technologies for offshore wind power facilities, including the anti-corrosion coatings, cathodic protection, reserved corrosion allowance method, etc. Then, combined with an example, the anti-corrosion technology of thermal spraying and mineral grease coating in the new anticorrosion method in splash area were introduced emphatically. Finally, it briefly described the anti-corrosion detection and maintenance means of wind power facilities. It also introduced the corrosion protection methods used in Guishan wind power project in Zhuhai, Guangdong, which has been built into grid connected power generation in China, in order to provide some suggestions for improving the anti-corrosion level of offshore wind power.Keywords：offshore wind power;anti-corrosion;thermal spraying;petrolatum taped cover82|270|7<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
New Energy
Design of Dome Structure for A Lean Premixed Swirled Combustor of Gas Turbine Based on the Numerical Method AI Introduction
Abstract：To analyse the dome structure of the lean premixed swirled combustor, the influences of lance tip shapes, inflow air flow rates, numbers and locations of fuel nozzles and head expansion ratios on the combustion flame, flow field and flame dynamic response were investigated by computational fluid dynamics. The results show that the flame shape remains unchanged when the air velocity increases to a certain value. Increasing the number of fuel holes on the pressure surface, the high heat release rate area is concentrated in the root of the central recirculation zone. While increasing the number of fuel injectors on the pressure side and suction side makes the flame root temperature of the central recirculation zone lower, indicating a tendency to reduce the thermal NOx. Increasing the flame tube diameter helps the central recirculation zone to expand radially, resulting in longer flame branches. The axial length of flame will be shortened by changing the centre-lance tip from flat to ellipse. The amplitude and phase of flame transfer function are not affected by changing the centre-lance tip face shape, but the phase of flame transfer function is obviously changed by increasing the number of fuel holes.Keywords：gas turbine;swirled premixed combustor;dome structure;fuel nozzle configuration;combustion characteristic;numerical simulation76|188|2<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Study on Steam Supply Scheme of Seawater Desalination System Under Low Load Condition of Dual-Purpose Power and Water Plant Units AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to ensure the water production capacity of the seawater desalination system under the low load condition of the generator units, and improve the economy of the whole plant, four dual-purpose power and water plant units were taken as examples. The thermodynamic modeling of the four units was carried out by EBSILON software, and the accuracy of the model was verified. The steam sources meeting the conditions of sea fresh water production were analyzed, and three steam extraction schemes meeting the conditions of low load were put forward. Based on the classical theory of thermodynamics, the thermodynamic model was used to demonstrate and analyze the three steam extraction schemes. Moreover, through the comparative analysis of the coal consumption and transformation cost of the three steam extraction schemes, the optimal low load steam supply scheme was obtained. This study has a certain guiding significance for the power plant energy saving and emission reduction and improvement of the economic efficiency of power plant operation.Keywords：dual-purpose power and water plant units;low load operation;thermodynamic analysis;extraction steam optimization54|141|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Research on Closed Cycle Pipe Blowing Technology of 5 MW Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Unit Boiler AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to explore the steam pipe blowing process suitable for new supercritical carbon dioxide boiler, taking a 5 MW supercritical carbon dioxide circulating power generation test unit as the research object, the characteristics of main and auxiliary equipment were analyzed, and a closed circulating blowing scheme was proposed and applied. With the help of the original high and low pressure bypass of the unit, the boiler pipeline system is completely closed, the circulating high-pressure carbon dioxide gas is used to continuously wash the pipe wall, and the impurity particles are captured by the filter screen. The closed circulating pipe blowing scheme has the advantages of simple system and convenient operation. The purging quality has passed the target inspection, which effectively ensures the later commissioning of the test unit. In view of the unit shutdown caused by the frequent blockage of filter screen at the initial stage of scheme implementation, a two-way filter was developed and put into use on site, which can significantly improve the pipe blowing efficiency and reduce the pipe blowing cost. Relevant experience has important engineering reference significance for the infrastructure commissioning of subsequent supercritical carbon dioxide cycle generator units.Keywords：supercritical;carbon dioxide;boiler pipe blowing;closed cycle46|113|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction Analysis of Electrostatic Precipitator Under Double Carbon Background AI Introduction
Abstract：Energy conservation and efficiency improvement under the dual carbon background is the first choice for coal-fired power plants to reduce carbon. The energy efficiency parameters of dry electrostatic precipitator (ESP), wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP), auxiliary equipment and dust removal technology route before and after ultra-low emission transformation were analyzed and evaluated, which could excavate their energy saving and carbon reduction space. Before the transformation of ultra-low emission, the annual CO2 emissions corresponding to the high voltage power consumption of 300 MW, 600 MW and 1000 MW units supporting dry ESP are about 6 000 t, 9 000 t and 14 000 t respectively. In addition, the better the performance of ESP, the higher the corresponding energy consumption and CO2 emission. After the ultra-low emission transformation, the annual CO2 emission corresponding to the high-voltage power supply power consumption of the 1000 MW unit supporting the ESP is about 18 000 t, which increases by about 20% compared with that before the transformation, but could be reduced by about 60% through the energy saving optimization. The annual CO2 emissions corresponding to the high-voltage power supply power consumption of the 300 MW, 600 MW and 1000 MW units supporting the WESP are about 2 000 t, 2500 t and 3400 t, respectively. The low temperature economizer of 630 MW unit could reduce the annual CO2 emission by about 19000 t, and the phase change condenser of 280 t/h furnace could reduce the annual CO2 emission by about 8 000 t. Compared with the WESP removal technology route, the flue gas cooperative treatment technology route of 660 MW unit with low-low temperature ESP removal technology as the core could reduce the annual CO2 emission by about 3 000 t. This paper could provide technical ideas for the carbon emission reduction of subsequent coal-fired power plants.Keywords：coal-fired power;ultra-low emission;power consumption;CO2 emission reduction;carbon peak;carbon neutral55|142|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Power Generation and Environmental Protection
