发电技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2): 257-265.DOI: 10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.260203
• 发电及环境保护 • 上一篇
邓素华1, 何宗源1, 丘建晖2, 杨用龙3, 江建平3, 刘博3, 张杨3, 郭栋3
收稿日期:2025-02-17
修回日期:2025-05-16
出版日期:2026-04-30
发布日期:2026-04-21
作者简介:基金资助:Suhua DENG1, Zongyuan HE1, Jianhui QIU2, Yonglong YANG3, Jianping JIANG3, Bo LIU3, Yang ZHANG3, Dong GUO3
Received:2025-02-17
Revised:2025-05-16
Published:2026-04-30
Online:2026-04-21
Supported by:摘要:
目的 为精准核算燃煤电厂碳排放量,结合燃煤电厂实际生产工况,开展“摇篮到大门”全生命周期精细化碳排放核算研究,分析各环节碳排放占比及其敏感性特征。 方法 以典型电厂4台600 MW超临界燃煤发电机组为例,基于生命周期评价方法,详细核算了原料获取、原辅料运输、电力生产、废物处理环节的精细化碳排放量。 结果 原料获取和运输等上游环节的碳排放量占总排放量的9.4%,其中煤炭开采环节的碳排放量最大,占总排放量的5.77%。若煤炭开采环节能耗下降5%和10%,可使各机组生命周期的单位供电碳排放量分别降低0.289%和0.577%。在不同情景下,采用碳捕集技术可使电厂碳排放量降低78.8%~82.3%。 结论 煤炭燃烧作为电力生产全过程碳排放的主要环节,通过改变燃烧方式、提高锅炉效率、降低损失等手段可实现单位发电/供电煤耗的降低。采用碳捕集技术可有效降低电厂综合碳排放,尽管碳捕集过程会增加一定能耗,但其碳捕集效率较高,采用高效、低能耗的碳捕集技术是减少电厂碳排放的关键手段。
中图分类号:
邓素华, 何宗源, 丘建晖, 杨用龙, 江建平, 刘博, 张杨, 郭栋. 基于生命周期评价的燃煤电厂碳排放敏感性分析[J]. 发电技术, 2026, 47(2): 257-265.
Suhua DENG, Zongyuan HE, Jianhui QIU, Yonglong YANG, Jianping JIANG, Bo LIU, Yang ZHANG, Dong GUO. Carbon Emission Sensitivity Analysis of Coal-Fired Power Plants Based on Life Cycle Assessment[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2026, 47(2): 257-265.
| 参数 | 机组 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1# | 2# | 3# | 4# | |
| 年耗煤量/万t | 164.20 | 163.86 | 155.33 | 128.40 |
| 年发电量/(亿kW⋅h) | 33.99 | 32.71 | 31.46 | 25.59 |
| 年供电量/(亿kW⋅h) | 32.46 | 31.06 | 29.86 | 24.28 |
| 年供热量/GJ | 631 494 | 383 791 | 798 802 | 776 411 |
| 平均厂用电率/% | 5.02 | 5.03 | 4.89 | 4.58 |
| 平均低位发热量/(MJ/kg) | 17.31 | 17.31 | 17.31 | 17.31 |
| 平均收到基碳质量分数/% | 46.45 | 46.45 | 46.45 | 46.45 |
| 平均收到基硫质量分数/% | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.58 |
| 平均收到基灰分质量分数/% | 14.40 | 14.40 | 14.40 | 14.40 |
| 平均收到基氮质量分数/% | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| 燃煤铁路运输距离/km | 815 | 815 | 815 | 815 |
| 燃煤海路运输距离/km | 1 852 | 1 852 | 1 852 | 1 852 |
| 石灰石矿运输距离/km | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
| 尿素运输距离/km | 133 | 133 | 133 | 133 |
| 固废运输距离/km | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| 平均飞灰含碳质量分数/% | 0.77 | 0.88 | 0.61 | 0.72 |
| 平均底渣含碳质量分数/% | 2.38 | 2.21 | 1.95 | 2.97 |
| 石灰石单耗/t | 1 365.57 | 3 320.65 | 3 022.57 | 3 151.15 |
| 年尿素耗量/t | 1 418 | 1 370 | 1 342 | 1 099 |
| 平均脱硝效率/% | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 |
| 平均脱硫效率/% | 99.84 | 99.84 | 99.84 | 99.84 |
| 平均除尘效率/% | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
表1 电厂全生命周期的碳排放活动水平
Tab. 1 Carbon emission activity levels throughout the full life cycle of power plants
| 参数 | 机组 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1# | 2# | 3# | 4# | |
| 年耗煤量/万t | 164.20 | 163.86 | 155.33 | 128.40 |
| 年发电量/(亿kW⋅h) | 33.99 | 32.71 | 31.46 | 25.59 |
| 年供电量/(亿kW⋅h) | 32.46 | 31.06 | 29.86 | 24.28 |
| 年供热量/GJ | 631 494 | 383 791 | 798 802 | 776 411 |
| 平均厂用电率/% | 5.02 | 5.03 | 4.89 | 4.58 |
| 平均低位发热量/(MJ/kg) | 17.31 | 17.31 | 17.31 | 17.31 |
| 平均收到基碳质量分数/% | 46.45 | 46.45 | 46.45 | 46.45 |
| 平均收到基硫质量分数/% | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.58 |
| 平均收到基灰分质量分数/% | 14.40 | 14.40 | 14.40 | 14.40 |
| 平均收到基氮质量分数/% | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| 燃煤铁路运输距离/km | 815 | 815 | 815 | 815 |
| 燃煤海路运输距离/km | 1 852 | 1 852 | 1 852 | 1 852 |
| 石灰石矿运输距离/km | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
| 尿素运输距离/km | 133 | 133 | 133 | 133 |
| 固废运输距离/km | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| 平均飞灰含碳质量分数/% | 0.77 | 0.88 | 0.61 | 0.72 |
| 平均底渣含碳质量分数/% | 2.38 | 2.21 | 1.95 | 2.97 |
| 石灰石单耗/t | 1 365.57 | 3 320.65 | 3 022.57 | 3 151.15 |
| 年尿素耗量/t | 1 418 | 1 370 | 1 342 | 1 099 |
| 平均脱硝效率/% | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 |
| 平均脱硫效率/% | 99.84 | 99.84 | 99.84 | 99.84 |
| 平均除尘效率/% | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
| 参数 | 情景1 | 情景2 | 情景3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 单位供电煤耗率/% | 11.1 | 11.1 | 8.7 | |
| 碳减排率/% | 1#机组 | 78.8 | 81.9 | 82.3 |
| 2#机组 | 79.1 | 82.1 | 82.5 | |
| 3#机组 | 78.7 | 81.8 | 82.2 | |
| 4#机组 | 78.6 | 81.8 | 82.1 | |
| 平均值 | 78.8 | 81.9 | 82.3 | |
表2 不同情景下煤耗与碳减排分析
Tab. 2 Analysis of coal consumption and carbon emission reduction under different scenarios
| 参数 | 情景1 | 情景2 | 情景3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 单位供电煤耗率/% | 11.1 | 11.1 | 8.7 | |
| 碳减排率/% | 1#机组 | 78.8 | 81.9 | 82.3 |
| 2#机组 | 79.1 | 82.1 | 82.5 | |
| 3#机组 | 78.7 | 81.8 | 82.2 | |
| 4#机组 | 78.6 | 81.8 | 82.1 | |
| 平均值 | 78.8 | 81.9 | 82.3 | |
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