Review of Grid-Forming Energy Storage and Its Applications

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.24052

Abstract

Abstract:

Objectives The characteristics of low inertia and low damping in “double-high” (high renewable energy penetration and high power electronics application) power system pose significant challenges to grid stability, particularly in terms of frequency and voltage. Grid-forming energy storage (GFM-ES), which has the capability of frequency regulation and voltage control, is reviewed in terms of its characteristics, application scenarios, and research outlook. Methods Firstly, the main characteristics of GFM-ES are described from the aspects of the differences between GFM-ES and grid-following energy storage, as well as the control methods. Then, the main application scenarios of GFM-ES, including frequency support, voltage support, and black start, are elaborated. Finally, the research outlook is presented, focusing on the stability, optimal configuration, and practical engineering applications of GFM-ES. Conclusions The stability of GFM converters has an important impact on the operational characteristics of energy storage units, and further attention needs to be paid to the induced causes of the stability problem, parameter tuning, and switching of control and current limiting strategies. The GFM-ES configuration requires trade-offs in terms of functionality, complexity, and cost, and the hybrid configuration of grid-forming and grid-following energy storage needs to be further investigated. Coordination and interoperability between GFM-ES units should be strengthened, and technical test specifications and standards should be improved to promote their application in hybrid AC-DC grids and high-voltage transmission grids.

Key words: grid-forming energy storage, frequency support, voltage support, optimal configuration

CLC Number:

TK 02

Yalou LI, Fei ZHAO, Xuejun FAN. Review of Grid-Forming Energy Storage and Its Applications[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(2): 386-398.

Figures/Tables 4

References 102

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跟网型储能	构网型储能
可视为恒流源	可视为电压源
需要PLL	无需PLL
无法黑启动	可以黑启动
不能控制电网的频率和电压	可主动调整输出频率和电压
不利于故障限流和穿越实现	有利于故障限流和穿越实现
循环效率优于构网型储能	循环效率低于跟网型储能
无法在完全(100%)电力电子设备系统中运行	理论上可以在完全(100%)电力电子设备系统中运行
目前应用广泛，只适用于强电网，不适用于孤岛	目前应用较少，可适用于弱电网和孤岛

跟网型储能	构网型储能
可视为恒流源	可视为电压源
需要PLL	无需PLL
无法黑启动	可以黑启动
不能控制电网的频率和电压	可主动调整输出频率和电压
不利于故障限流和穿越实现	有利于故障限流和穿越实现
循环效率优于构网型储能	循环效率低于跟网型储能
无法在完全(100%)电力电子设备系统中运行	理论上可以在完全(100%)电力电子设备系统中运行
目前应用广泛，只适用于强电网，不适用于孤岛	目前应用较少，可适用于弱电网和孤岛

[1]	Jianhao SUN, Zhuang CHU. Optimal Configuration of Distributed Generation Considering Carbon Trading and Reactive Power Compensation [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(1): 142-150.
[2]	Yi CHEN, Yingxin XU, Dongjie XU, Xiang GAO. Optimal Configuration and Performance Analysis of Terminal Multi-energy Complementary System [J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(6): 823-833.