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Key Technologies for Intelligent Control and Operation and Maintenance of Offshore Wind Power AI Introduction
Abstract：The construction of offshore wind power is of great significance to the realization of the “dual carbon” goal and the construction of a new power system with new energy as the main body. Far away from land and complex sea conditions make the control, operation and maintenance (O&M) of offshore wind turbines face many challenges, which are key issues that must be taken seriously and solved in large-scale construction. This paper summarized the current development trend of offshore wind power and related research progress, analyzed the main problems faced by the control and O&M of offshore wind turbines, and sorted out the key technologies of offshore wind power from two aspects of intelligent control and intelligent O&M,so as to provide reference for carrying out frontier theoretical and technical research in this field.Keywords：offshore wind power;renewable energy;intelligent control;intelligent operation and maintenance114|1087|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Summary of Technologies for the Development of Offshore Wind Power Industry in China AI Introduction
Abstract：Offshore wind power is an important development trend in the field of renewable energy in China in the future. Firstly, this paper summarized the current development of domestic offshore wind power industry, analyzed the development trend of domestic offshore wind power industry chain, and then introduced the current cutting-edge technology of offshore wind power industry from the subdivided technical field. It mainly covers unit technology, including blade design and pitch control, transmission chain, motor, converter, main control system, etc; networking transmission technology, including AC, DC and low-frequency transmission technology, as well as compact and lightweight offshore platform design technology; engineering construction technology, mainly including offshore engineering, wind farm construction and submarine cable technology; offshore wind power operation and maintenance technologies, mainly including offshore wind power prediction, wake prediction, optimal dispatching, monitoring and maintenance, etc. The research results can provide the reference for the development of offshore wind power in China.Keywords：offshore wind power;wind farm;wind turbine;transmission147|742|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Development Status and Suggestions of Hydrogen Production Technology by Offshore Wind Power AI Introduction
Abstract：Hydrogen production by renewable energy is an inevitable path to achieve the goal of carbon peak and realize the vision of carbon neutralization. As an important part of green hydrogen, hydrogen production by offshore wind power has huge market potential and broad development prospects. Firstly, two different schemes of hydrogen production system by offshore wind power were described. Then, the hydrogen production technologies by water electrolysis and hydrogen storage and transportation technologies suitable for offshore wind scenarios were stated. The typical international hydrogen production projects by offshore wind power and the layout of China’s hydrogen production industry by offshore wind power were untangled. Finally, the development suggestions were put forward from the aspects of top-level design, tackling key technologies and standard system construction, so as to provide reference for the technological innovation and high-quality development of offshore wind power hydrogen production in China.Keywords：offshore wind power;hydrogen energy;renewable energy;green hydrogen;hydrogen production by water electrolysis131|702|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Definition and Influencing Factors of Short-Circuit Ratio Between Offshore Wind Power Cluster and Thermal Power Bundling System AI Introduction
Abstract：The short-circuit ratio is an important indicator to measure the risk of subsynchronous oscillation induced by the access of the wind farm to alternating current system. The current short-circuit ratio does not have a clear definition and a detailed calculation formula for the short-circuit ratio of wind-fire bundled and grid-connected operation has not been given. Therefore, for an actual planning scenario of dual offshore wind power clusters and thermal power bundling system, a short-circuit ratio calculation method was proposed to reveal the influence of the interaction of dual wind power clusters on subsynchronous oscillation. The research results show that the wind-fire bundling and grid connection can improve the short-circuit ratio of the system. Compared with pure wind power, the speed of reducing the short-circuit ratio is slowed down and the stability of subsynchronous oscillation is improved. From the analysis of the formula, the three influencing factors of the short-circuit ratio of wind-fire bundling are system impedance, fan ratio, and wind-fire ratio. The analysis results show that the fan ratio has the least impact on the subsynchronous oscillation, and the wind-fire ratio has the greatest impact. Finally, a model of an actual planning offshore wind power cluster and thermal power bundling system was built in PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the rationality of the above research results.Keywords：offshore wind power;wind and fire bundling;short-circuit ratio;system decoupling;subsynchronous oscillation40|259|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Analysis of Fluid-Structure Coupling Characteristics of Semi-submersible Offshore Wind Turbines AI Introduction
Abstract：Based on the wind turbine data provided by the American National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the manuscript was used ProE to establish a 5 MW offshore semi-submersible wind turbine model. A two-way fluid-structure coupling simulation through simulation software was conducted. The research was based on the deformation and equivalent stress of the two-way fluid-structure coupling semi-submersible wind turbine blade during the coupling action. The shutdown state of the wind turbine and the operation of the wind turbine under different wind and wave conditions were analyzed. The analysis shows that the blade is the most important part of the wind turbine. As the speed of impeller increases, the deformation increases, and the peak value shifts to the left. The maximum equivalent stress of the wind wheel appears in the initial stage of operation. As time goes by, the stress finally stabilizes within a certain range. The degree of deformation of the blade increases with the increase of wind speed. During the operation of the wind turbine, the mooring line moves periodically with the float foundation. This research provides a reference for the safe and stable operation of offshore semi-submersible wind turbines, and at the same time provides a reference for the design of offshore semi-submersible wind turbines.Keywords：offshore wind power;semi-submersible floating wind turbine;fluid-structure coupling;deformation;equivalent stress53|246|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06- Abstract：In recent years, the development of offshore wind power industry is very rapid, the number of offshore wind farms is increasing and the scale is expanding. This paper first reviewed the operating wind farms, the characteristics of the main components and the scale of the wind farms. Then, the correlation analysis of the layout parameters of offshore wind farms, such as the number of wind turbines, installed capacity, offshore distance and water depth, was carried out. In addition, this paper also comprehensively considered the relevant data of offshore wind power projects under construction, and discussed the development of offshore wind energy technologies related to the wind farm projects under construction. The data shows that the scale of wind farms and the rated capacity of wind turbines continue to grow, while offshore wind farms will develop farther offshore and deeper. Finally, this article looked forward to the future layout and capacity of offshore wind farms.Keywords：offshore wind farms;infrastructure;gloable offshore wind power projects;renewable energy;wind farm layout98|659|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
- Abstract：In recent years, the new power system with new energy as the main body is developing rapidly, and the offshore wind power plant is developing towards the trend of deep sea and large capacity. In view of the limitations of the current transmission mode, changing the traditional cable transmission mode provides new possibilities for the research of power transmission from the perspective of transport batteries. First of all, based on the actual operation of the existing offshore wind power projects, the working principle and status quo of the main offshore wind power transmission modes, such as alternating current power transmission mode and direct current power transmission mode, were analyzed, and the working mode of the transport battery was described. Then, the technical and economic performance indexes such as transmission capacity, investment cost and security cost of transport battery and other transmission schemes were compared. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of offshore wind power transmission modes were analyzed.Keywords：offshore wind power;power transmission;alternating current transmission;direct current transmission;transportation battery114|1111|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
- Abstract：Floating offshore wind turbine is the key and fundamental equipment for obtaining wind energy on deep sea. Because of its large floating base motions, floating offshore wind turbine is loaded by aerodynamic, hydrodynamic and their coupled actions with the structures, and is very complex in dynamic characteristics. Therefore, study on the dynamics plays a very important role in the design, development, operation and maintenance of floating offshore wind turbine. This paper introduced briefly the recent research progress of the dynamic simulation analysis of floating offshore wind turbine from the aspects of aerodynamics of wind turbine body, hydrodynamics of floating base and wind-wave-current-structure coupled dynamics. The results and characteristics of the current research were summarized, and the research trend in the future was shown, providing a reference for further investigation in this field.Keywords：offshore wind power;floating offshore wind turbine;aerodynamics;hydrodynamics;wind-wave-current-structure coupled dynamics;simulation analysis68|68|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
- Abstract：The offshore wind resource character has a significant impact on the construction of offshore wind farms, it is a key factor in the selection and arrangement of offshore wind turbines. Therefore, it is necessary to study it. The wind speed data of Shanghai Luchao Port were measured and obtained by the anemometer tower, and the distribution and the variation characteristics of wind speed, wind direction and wind energy density in this area were given and analyzed. The results show that the Logistic function has the best accuracy in the description of offshore wind speed distribution in Luchao Port area, and the Weibull function is difficult to describe the monthly wind speed distribution. The wind direction in Luchao Port area mainly comes from due north and northeast. With the increase of anemometer tower height in Luchao Port area, the annual average offshore wind speed gradually tends to 8 m/s. The annual average wind energy density of Luchao Port area is no less than 290 W/m2, which has sufficient wind energy resources to ensure the income of wind farm.Keywords：offshore wind farm;wind resource character;offshore wind turbine;wind speed;wind direction;wind energy density39|230|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
- Abstract：This paper proposed a novel control strategy-coordinated DC voltage control (DCVC)-to enhance the AC fault ride through capability of multi-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC) system. This control strategy is independent on exact line impedance parameters, and has a better performance than the conventional voltage droop control on keeping DC voltage constant and distributing power fast and flexibly. During the AC fault period, this novel control strategy is able to avoid the overvoltage of HVDC lines and make full use of active power by combing power distribution ratio adjustment and a series of AC fault ride through some methods, including voltage reduction, frequency increase and DC chopper methods. The control effect was validated by a five-terminal HVDC system based on PSCAD/EMTDC under different degrees of AC fault.Keywords：offshore wind farm;multi-terminal direct current;coordinated control strategy;DC chopper;fault ride through56|221|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Integrated Correction Method of Multi-point Numerical Weather Prediction Wind Speed and Irradiance AI Introduction
Abstract：Numerical weather prediction (NWP) correction is one of the key technologies to improve the accuracy of wind and solar power forecasting. However, there are few researches on the correction of NWP irradiance. At the same time, most of the existing NWP wind speed correction methods only consider a single location, ignoring the spatio-temporal coupling of wind speed, which affects the correction effect. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposed an integrated correction method for multi-point NWP wind speed and irradiance considering the spatial and temporal correlation of regional wind and solar resources. Taking the measured wind speed and irradiance data of multiple wind farms and photovoltaic power plants in the region as the learning objective of the correction model, an integrated NWP correction model based on attentional neural network was established to simultaneously correct multiple station-level NWP data with certain correlation. The proposed method was verified by the NWP data and historical wind speed / irradiance data of 8 wind farms and 7 photovoltaic power plants in a region. The calculation results show that compared with the traditional single-point NWP correction method, the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of NWP.Keywords：wind farm;photovoltaic power plant;spatial and temporal correlation;numerical weather prediction (NWP);power forecasting;attentional neural network103|244|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Offshore Wind Power Generation Technology
Meta-Power: Next-Generation Smart Grid AI Introduction
Abstract：Metaverse is a new stage of digital revolution,which transforms the universe to highly interactive and hyper-spatiotemporal eco-system supported by multiple technologies. The application of metaverse in the power system can further improve the informatization and intellectualization of the system,becoming the next generation smart grid. This paper proposed a new concept of meta-power to represent the power system introducing the metaverse. Multiple technologies of the meta-power can enhance the flexibility,security,and intelligence of the power system operation. High interactivity of the meta-power can enable the convenient and immersed power system monitoring and maintenance. Hyper-spatiotemporal feature of the meta-power can tackle the spatial and temporal constraints of the power system operation,and facilitate the evaluation and deduction of future energy development strategies.Keywords：metaverse;smart grid;digital twin;ubiquitous internet-of-things;artificial intelligence;advanced human-machine interaction;power system105|328|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06- Abstract：In this paper, an energy system with high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) as the core was proposed and analyzed, and the all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) was used as the energy storage device, which made up for the defects of the system in meeting the load demand. The working principle and output performance of HT-PEMFC and VRFB were analyzed. At the same time, the relevant evaluation indicators were determined to explore the optimal configuration of the system, and the relationship between the fuel cell load rate and operating efficiency was analyzed. The upstream hydrogen consumption was also taken into consideration. The configuration optimization of hybrid energy system with fuel cell as the main supply power was discussed. The results show that when the fuel cell load rate is 22% and total efficiency is 41%, the total annual cost is the minimum. Compared with the full load condition, the system investment cost is increased by 212.5%, but the fuel cost is decreased by 41.7%. The overall system gain is obvious.Keywords：high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC);vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB);benefit evaluation;energy configuration60|307|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Distribution Transformer Outage Prediction Based on Logistic Fast Minimum Error Entropy Algorithm AI Introduction
Abstract：In order to improve the speed and accuracy of distribution transformer outage prediction, a distribution transformer outage prediction method based on Logistic fast minimum error entropy algorithm was proposed. Aiming at the problem that the basic minimum entropy regression algorithm runs too slowly, a fast minimum error entropy algorithm was proposed, which can keep the same regression effect as the minimum entropy regression, and greatly reduce the running time of the algorithm. In view of the application of Logistic regression in outage prediction, a fast minimum error entropy regression algorithm based on logistic was proposed, and the weight of distribution transformer was selected. The overload duration, maximum active load rate, average active load rate, average three-phase unbalance degree and heavy three-phase unbalance degree were used as the characteristic variable data of distribution transformer outage prediction. A distribution transformer outage prediction model was established, and the effect was found to be better than Logistic regression in the comparative experiment.Keywords：Logistic fast minimum error entropy;distribution transformer;outage prediction40|193|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06- Abstract：In recent years, there are more and more mountain photovoltaic projects. In order to select a suitable photovoltaic array layout method for mountain photovoltaic power stations, based on mathematical modeling, the geometric model of solar rays, slopes, and photovoltaic modules was established, the calculation methods for the theoretical row pitch of photovoltaic arrays at random slopes and azimuths were derived by using slope's azimuth-tilt layout and south-tilt layout, and the calculation of row pitch was more perfect by setting the judging conditions. By analyzing the results of row pitch under different latitudes, slopes, and azimuths on the slope surface, the rules and characteristics of the row pitch under the two layout methods were summarized and compared, which provided a direction and theoretical basis for designers to optimize the photovoltaic module layout in photovoltaic power stations.Keywords：mountain photovoltaic power station;slope's azimuth-tilt layout;south-tilt layout;row pitch of photovoltaic array97|431|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Smart Grid
Lithium-ion Battery Thermal Management System Based on the Combination of Supercooled Phase Change Material and Thermal Switch AI Introduction
Abstract：In view of the battery thermal management system, a novel type of thermal management system based on the coupling of supercooled phase change material calcium chloride hexahydrate and thermal switch was proposed. The thermal switch device was applied to 18650 lithium-ion battery and the cooling and heat preservation effects of the device were studied based on numerical method. The device provides power for thermal switch based on the significant change of the volume of the phase change material. Besides, it combines with the characteristics of the supercooled of the phase change material to further improve the temperature control capability. The results show that, compared with the thermal management system without thermal switch, the supercooled phase change thermal switch device can reduce the battery temperature by 1.61 ℃ at the end of 5C high-rate discharge. Moreover, when the external environment temperature is -20 ℃, the supercooled phase change thermal switch system extends the battery temperature management time by 660 s.Keywords：lithium-ion battery;thermal switch;calcium chloride hexahydrate;battery thermal management;numerical simulation78|291|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06Capacity Allocation of Wind Farm Energy Storage System Considering Economic Function AI Introduction
Abstract：The energy storage system with the ability of bidirectional absorption and release of power, realizes the temporal and spatial transfer of power and provides the key technical support for the safe and friendly integration of wind power into the grid. In practical engineering, the high cost restricts the large-scale application of energy storage. Therefore, when selecting the capacity configuration scheme, the introduction of economic evaluation under the premise of meeting the functional applicability can accelerate the industrialization of energy storage. Combined with the capacity configuration of economic and functional energy storage, this paper integrated three typical evaluation criteria for the economic evaluation of energy storage system, summarized three methods of capacity configuration, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods by comparison. Moreover, the basic process of capacity allocation of energy storage system was given. Finally, the existing problems and future research directions of energy storage configuration were pointed out.Keywords：wind power;energy storage system;capacity configuration;economic evaluation63|404|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Energy Storage
- Abstract：Based on the tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) technology, one-dimensional and multi-dimensional combustion parameter monitoring systems were designed to simultaneously monitor multiple combustion field parameters in the furnace (such as temperature, CO, CO2, and NO concentration, etc.). In the one-dimensional system, the optical switch technology was applied to measure the multiple combustion parameters simultaneously. In the two-dimensional system, the spectrometer technology and algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) were introduced to inversion calculate and measure the two-dimensional combustion parameters in a layer. On this basis, the three-dimensional system was designed. The measurement procedures of three-dimensional combustion parameters were as follows: the combustion region in the furnace was divided into multilayer sections; the two-dimensional combustion parameters were reconstructed based on ART; the three-dimensional combustion parameters were reconstructed using the multilayer combustion parameter data. The combustion filed parameter monitoring system contributes to the fine combustion adjustment in the future.Keywords：coal-fired boiler;tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS);pollutant concentration;online monitoring system44|49|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
- Abstract：In order to solve the filtering performance of the metal fiber filter material for high temperature dust removal, a comparative test method was adopted to study the filtration performance of metal fiber filter media, the ordinary needle felt filter media, and the poly tetra fluoro ethylene (PTFE) membrane filter media. It is found that before the aging test, the metal fiber filter media has a higher emission concentration, but after aging, the emission concentration is less than 0.1 mg/m3. The cleaning cycle of the metal fiber filter media is 2 times of needle felt filter material. The residual resistance of the metal fiber filter media is about 350 Pa, which is basically the same as that of ordinary needle felt and PTFE membrane filter media. As a new type of filter media, the metal fiber filter media has good filtration performance and can fully meet the requirements of high temperature dust removal performance.Keywords：baghouse/electrostatic fabric hybrid particulate collector;high temperature dust removal;needle felt filter media;metal fiber filter media58|239|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Application and Optimization of Urea Pyrolysis Technology in 1 000 MW Coal-fired Power Plant AI Introduction
Abstract：Urea pyrolysis technology has been applied in many coal-fired power plants with it's advantages of safety and nontoxicity, but there are problems such as sediment plugging in the application. A 1 000 MW unit with urea pyrolysis system was seriously blocked in pyrolysis furnace, export pipeline and ammonia spraying grid, for pyrolytic air lacking caused by the abrasion of bofoster fans, electric heater output limiting, poor atomization effect of spraying guns and so on. According to regular inspection and cleaning, optimizing and adjusting operation parameters, enhancing system control, the problem of blocking was solved. The consumption of urea was reduced, 1.3 million yuan of cost was cut down every year. The reliability and economy of units were increased.Keywords：coal-fired power plant;selective catalytic reduction (SCR);urea pyrolysis;intermediate reaction;sediment;hot primary air101|41|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-06
Power Generation and Environmental Protection
