发电技术 ›› 2024, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1): 42-50.DOI: 10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22097
刘玉成1, 杨源2, 胡宇浩2, 李雨航2, 赵子泰2, 马志勇2, 董玉亮2
收稿日期:
2023-01-27
出版日期:
2024-02-29
发布日期:
2024-02-29
通讯作者:
董玉亮
作者简介:
基金资助:
Yucheng LIU1, Yuan YANG2, Yuhao HU2, Yuhang LI2, Zitai ZHAO2, Zhiyong MA2, Yuliang DONG2
Received:
2023-01-27
Published:
2024-02-29
Online:
2024-02-29
Contact:
Yuliang DONG
Supported by:
摘要:
针对制氢站系统复杂,易受到外部攻击,进而引发连锁故障及严重安全事故的问题,采用基于事件树的连锁故障推演方法,明确了制氢站设备连锁故障的后果和发生概率。在此基础上建立了考虑安全性、经济性和环保性的连锁故障风险评价指标体系。考虑到造成严重后果和影响的不精确性和不确定性,采用模糊隶属度函数进行评价指标的模糊化。最后建立了基于证据推理的风险评价模型,并应用到制氢站设备的风险评估中,实现了制氢站设备的风险评价和排序。实例分析表明,该方法可行有效,为下一步制定制氢站设备安全防范措施提供了依据。
中图分类号:
刘玉成, 杨源, 胡宇浩, 李雨航, 赵子泰, 马志勇, 董玉亮. 基于事件树连锁故障推演和证据推理的制氢站设备风险评价[J]. 发电技术, 2024, 45(1): 42-50.
Yucheng LIU, Yuan YANG, Yuhao HU, Yuhang LI, Zitai ZHAO, Zhiyong MA, Yuliang DONG. Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Production Station Equipment Based on Event Tree Cascading Fault Deduction and Evidential Reasoning[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2024, 45(1): 42-50.
量化指标 | 风险指数 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
人员伤亡/人 | [ | [ | [ | [ | (10, +∞) |
半致死范围/m | [0, 100) | [100, 250) | [250, 400) | [400, 500) | [500, +∞) |
设备损失/万元 | [0, 1) | [1, 5) | [5, 10) | [10, 20) | [20, +∞) |
电网影响/供电能力 | [100%, 90%) | [90%, 80%) | [80%, 70%) | [70%, 60%) | [60%, 100%) |
环境影响/m | [0, 500) | [500, 2 000) | [2 000, 4 000) | [4 000, 7 000) | [7 000, +∞) |
经济损失/万元 | [0, 200) | [200, 400) | [400, 650) | [650, 1 000) | [1 000, +∞) |
恢复时间/d | [0, 1) | [1, 5) | [5, 10) | [10, 15) | [15, +∞) |
表1 风险指数量化标准
Tab. 1 Quantitative standard of risk index
量化指标 | 风险指数 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
人员伤亡/人 | [ | [ | [ | [ | (10, +∞) |
半致死范围/m | [0, 100) | [100, 250) | [250, 400) | [400, 500) | [500, +∞) |
设备损失/万元 | [0, 1) | [1, 5) | [5, 10) | [10, 20) | [20, +∞) |
电网影响/供电能力 | [100%, 90%) | [90%, 80%) | [80%, 70%) | [70%, 60%) | [60%, 100%) |
环境影响/m | [0, 500) | [500, 2 000) | [2 000, 4 000) | [4 000, 7 000) | [7 000, +∞) |
经济损失/万元 | [0, 200) | [200, 400) | [400, 650) | [650, 1 000) | [1 000, +∞) |
恢复时间/d | [0, 1) | [1, 5) | [5, 10) | [10, 15) | [15, +∞) |
指标 | 人员 伤亡 | 设备 损失 | 电网 影响 | 环境 影响 | 经济 损失 | 恢复 时间 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
权重 | 0.489 0 | 0.183 0 | 0.137 0 | 0.099 2 | 0.036 2 | 0.055 6 |
表2 指标权重
Tab. 2 Weight of risk indexes
指标 | 人员 伤亡 | 设备 损失 | 电网 影响 | 环境 影响 | 经济 损失 | 恢复 时间 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
权重 | 0.489 0 | 0.183 0 | 0.137 0 | 0.099 2 | 0.036 2 | 0.055 6 |
事件后果 | 制氢站设备 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
电解槽 | 氢除湿器 | 氢分离洗涤器 | 储氢罐 | 氢气管道 | |
氢气泄漏扩散 | 0.050 40 | 0.080 784 0 | 0.090 480 | 0.038 850 | 0.044 640 |
氢气泄漏火灾事故 | 0.302 28 | 0.552 948 8 | 0.515 411 | 0.368 263 | 0.545 228 |
氢气泄漏爆炸事故 | 0.247 32 | 0.046 267 2 | 0.292 887 | 0.292 887 | 0.030 132 |
表3 制氢站设备遭受外部攻击连锁故障后果事件发生概率
Tab. 3 Probability of occurrence of cascading failure consequences from external attack on hydrogen production station equipment
事件后果 | 制氢站设备 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
电解槽 | 氢除湿器 | 氢分离洗涤器 | 储氢罐 | 氢气管道 | |
氢气泄漏扩散 | 0.050 40 | 0.080 784 0 | 0.090 480 | 0.038 850 | 0.044 640 |
氢气泄漏火灾事故 | 0.302 28 | 0.552 948 8 | 0.515 411 | 0.368 263 | 0.545 228 |
氢气泄漏爆炸事故 | 0.247 32 | 0.046 267 2 | 0.292 887 | 0.292 887 | 0.030 132 |
风险量化指标 | 电解槽损坏后果 | ||
---|---|---|---|
氢气持续泄漏,大气扩散,碱液泄漏 | 氢气持续泄漏,遇明火、喷射火、闪火 | 氢气持续泄漏,遇明火,沸腾液体膨胀蒸汽爆炸、蒸汽云爆炸 | |
人员伤亡 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
设备损失 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
电网影响 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
环境影响 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
经济影响 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
恢复时间 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
表4 电解槽连锁故障后果定量分析结果
Tab. 4 Quantitative analysis result of consequences of cascading faults in electrolytic cell
风险量化指标 | 电解槽损坏后果 | ||
---|---|---|---|
氢气持续泄漏,大气扩散,碱液泄漏 | 氢气持续泄漏,遇明火、喷射火、闪火 | 氢气持续泄漏,遇明火,沸腾液体膨胀蒸汽爆炸、蒸汽云爆炸 | |
人员伤亡 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
设备损失 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
电网影响 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
环境影响 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
经济影响 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
恢复时间 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
制氢站核心设备 | 风险指标 | 风险指数 | 模糊化结果 |
---|---|---|---|
电解槽 | 人员损失 | 1.892 | (0,0.145,0.392,0,0) |
设备损失 | 1.150 | (0,0.866,0,0,0) | |
电网影响 | 1.397 | (0,0.804,0,0,0) | |
环境影响 | 1.695 | (0,0.407,0.195,0,0) | |
经济损失 | 1.150 | (0,0.866,0,0,0) | |
恢复时间 | 1.644 | (0,0.474,0.144,0,0) | |
氢除湿器 | 人员损失 | 0.646 | (0.709,0.194,0,0,0) |
设备损失 | 1.913 | (0,0.116,0.413,0,0) | |
电网影响 | 1.279 | (0,0.961,0,0,0) | |
环境影响 | 1.291 | (0,0.945,0,0,0) | |
经济损失 | 1.326 | (0,0.899,0,0,0) | |
恢复时间 | 1.326 | (0,0.899,0,0,0) | |
氢分离洗涤器 | 人员损失 | 0.692 | (0.616,0.256,0,0,0) |
设备损失 | 1.904 | (0,0.129,0.404,0,0) | |
电网影响 | 1.298 | (0,0.936,0,0,0) | |
环境影响 | 0.650 | (0.7,0.2,0,0,0) | |
经济损失 | 1.904 | (0,0.129,0.404,0,0) | |
恢复时间 | 1.948 | (0,0.07,0.448,0,0) | |
氢气储罐 | 人员损失 | 1.833 | (0,0.223,0.333,0,0) |
设备损失 | 2.315 | (0,0,0.815,0,0) | |
电网影响 | 1.361 | (0,0.852,0,0,0) | |
环境影响 | 1.172 | (0,0.895,0,0,0) | |
经济损失 | 1.361 | (0,0.852,0,0,0) | |
恢复时间 | 1.947 | (0,0.071,0.447,0,0) | |
氢气管道 | 人员损失 | 0.636 | (0.729,0.181,0,0,0) |
设备损失 | 1.771 | (0,0.306,0.271,0,0) | |
电网影响 | 1.226 | (0,0.967,0,0,0) | |
环境影响 | 0.121 | (1,0,0,0,0) | |
经济损失 | 1.226 | (0,0.967,0,0,0) | |
恢复时间 | 1.256 | (0,0.993,0,0,0) |
表5 制氢站设备风险评价输入数据
Tab. 5 Input data for risk assessment of hydrogen production station equipment
制氢站核心设备 | 风险指标 | 风险指数 | 模糊化结果 |
---|---|---|---|
电解槽 | 人员损失 | 1.892 | (0,0.145,0.392,0,0) |
设备损失 | 1.150 | (0,0.866,0,0,0) | |
电网影响 | 1.397 | (0,0.804,0,0,0) | |
环境影响 | 1.695 | (0,0.407,0.195,0,0) | |
经济损失 | 1.150 | (0,0.866,0,0,0) | |
恢复时间 | 1.644 | (0,0.474,0.144,0,0) | |
氢除湿器 | 人员损失 | 0.646 | (0.709,0.194,0,0,0) |
设备损失 | 1.913 | (0,0.116,0.413,0,0) | |
电网影响 | 1.279 | (0,0.961,0,0,0) | |
环境影响 | 1.291 | (0,0.945,0,0,0) | |
经济损失 | 1.326 | (0,0.899,0,0,0) | |
恢复时间 | 1.326 | (0,0.899,0,0,0) | |
氢分离洗涤器 | 人员损失 | 0.692 | (0.616,0.256,0,0,0) |
设备损失 | 1.904 | (0,0.129,0.404,0,0) | |
电网影响 | 1.298 | (0,0.936,0,0,0) | |
环境影响 | 0.650 | (0.7,0.2,0,0,0) | |
经济损失 | 1.904 | (0,0.129,0.404,0,0) | |
恢复时间 | 1.948 | (0,0.07,0.448,0,0) | |
氢气储罐 | 人员损失 | 1.833 | (0,0.223,0.333,0,0) |
设备损失 | 2.315 | (0,0,0.815,0,0) | |
电网影响 | 1.361 | (0,0.852,0,0,0) | |
环境影响 | 1.172 | (0,0.895,0,0,0) | |
经济损失 | 1.361 | (0,0.852,0,0,0) | |
恢复时间 | 1.947 | (0,0.071,0.447,0,0) | |
氢气管道 | 人员损失 | 0.636 | (0.729,0.181,0,0,0) |
设备损失 | 1.771 | (0,0.306,0.271,0,0) | |
电网影响 | 1.226 | (0,0.967,0,0,0) | |
环境影响 | 0.121 | (1,0,0,0,0) | |
经济损失 | 1.226 | (0,0.967,0,0,0) | |
恢复时间 | 1.256 | (0,0.993,0,0,0) |
设备名称 | 评价结果 | 风险度 | 风险排序 |
---|---|---|---|
电解槽 | (0,0.342,0.150,0,0) | 0.161 | 2 |
氢除湿器 | (0.256,0.298,0.034,0,0) | 0.092 | 3 |
氢分离洗涤器 | (0.278,0.233,0.055,0,0) | 0.086 | 4 |
氢气储罐 | (0,0.131,0.476,0,0) | 0.271 | 1 |
氢气管道 | (0.329,0.249,0.022,0,0) | 0.073 | 5 |
表6 制氢站设备风险评价结果
Tab. 6 Risk assessment results of hydrogen production station equipment
设备名称 | 评价结果 | 风险度 | 风险排序 |
---|---|---|---|
电解槽 | (0,0.342,0.150,0,0) | 0.161 | 2 |
氢除湿器 | (0.256,0.298,0.034,0,0) | 0.092 | 3 |
氢分离洗涤器 | (0.278,0.233,0.055,0,0) | 0.086 | 4 |
氢气储罐 | (0,0.131,0.476,0,0) | 0.271 | 1 |
氢气管道 | (0.329,0.249,0.022,0,0) | 0.073 | 5 |
风险等级 | 设备列表 | 防范措施 |
---|---|---|
高风险 (风险度>0.15) | 油罐区、液氨储罐、氢气储罐、输油管道、升压站、液氨管道、液氨蒸发槽、电解槽、空冷轴流风机 | 配备在线监视系统(如雷达、红外摄像头) |
中风险 (1≤风险度≤0.15) | 翻车机、吸收系统、空冷散热器表面、浆液制备系统、贮煤场、氨气管道、烟气系统 | 定期巡视 (间隔短) |
低风险 (风险度<0.1) | 氨气缓冲槽、氢除湿器、引风机、氢分离洗涤器、主变压器重瓦斯、脱硫副产物处理系统、氢气管道、送风机、变压器冷却系统、带式运输机、氨空混合器及后端管道、取料机、主变压器出线端、汽轮机末级排汽管道、凝结水箱 | 定期巡视 (间隔长) |
表7 电站周界设备风险分级及防范措施
Tab. 7 Risk rating of equipment around the power station and preventive measures
风险等级 | 设备列表 | 防范措施 |
---|---|---|
高风险 (风险度>0.15) | 油罐区、液氨储罐、氢气储罐、输油管道、升压站、液氨管道、液氨蒸发槽、电解槽、空冷轴流风机 | 配备在线监视系统(如雷达、红外摄像头) |
中风险 (1≤风险度≤0.15) | 翻车机、吸收系统、空冷散热器表面、浆液制备系统、贮煤场、氨气管道、烟气系统 | 定期巡视 (间隔短) |
低风险 (风险度<0.1) | 氨气缓冲槽、氢除湿器、引风机、氢分离洗涤器、主变压器重瓦斯、脱硫副产物处理系统、氢气管道、送风机、变压器冷却系统、带式运输机、氨空混合器及后端管道、取料机、主变压器出线端、汽轮机末级排汽管道、凝结水箱 | 定期巡视 (间隔长) |
图5 电站周界设备风险评价结果1—液氨储罐;2—液氨管道;3—液氨蒸发槽;4—氨气管道;5—氨气缓冲槽;6—氨空混合器及后端管道;7—电解槽;8—氢除湿器;9—氢分离洗涤器;10—氢气储罐;11—氢气管道;12—浆液制备系统;13—烟气系统;14—吸收系统;15—脱硫副产物处理系统;16—油罐区;17—输油管道;18—取料机;19—贮煤场;20—翻车机;21—带式运输机;22—升压站;23—送风机;24—引风机;25—变压器冷却系统;26—主变压器重瓦斯;27—主变压器出线端;28—空冷散热器表面;29—汽轮机末级排汽管道;30—空冷轴流风机;31—凝结水箱。
Fig. 5 Risk assessment results of equipment around the power station
1 | 冯伟忠,李励 .“双碳”目标下煤电机组低碳、零碳和负碳化转型发展路径研究与实践[J].发电技术,2022,43(3):452-461. doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22061 |
FENG W Z, LI L .Research and practice on development path of low-carbon, zero-carbon and negative carbon transformation of coal-fired power units under “double carbon” targets[J].Power Generation Technology,2022,43(3):452-461. doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22061 | |
2 | 张全斌,周琼芳 .基于“双碳”目标的中国火力发电技术发展路径研究[J].发电技术,2023,44(2):143-154. doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22092 |
ZHANG Q B, ZHOU Q F .Research on the development path of China’s thermal power generation technology based on the goal of “carbon peak and carbon neutralization”[J].Power Generation Technology,2023,44(2):143-154. doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.22092 | |
3 | 董洁,乔建强 .“双碳”目标下先进煤炭清洁利用发电技术研究综述[J].中国电力,2022,55(8):202-212. |
DONG J, QIAO J Q .A review on advanced clean coal power generation technology under “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goal[J].Electric Power,2022,55(8):202-212. | |
4 | 张兴平,何澍,王泽嘉,等 .不同新能源渗透率下燃煤机组行为策略分析[J].电力建设,2022,43(5):9-17. doi:10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2022.05.002 |
ZHANG X P, HE S, WANG Z J .Behavior strategy of coal-fired units under different new energy penetration rate[J].Electric Power Construction,2022,43(5):9-17. doi:10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2022.05.002 | |
5 | 王晓彬,孟婧,石访,等 .煤电与清洁电源协同演进优化模型及综合评价体系研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2022,50(13):43-52. |
WANG X B, MENG J, SHI F .An optimization model and comprehensive evaluation system for the synergistic evolution of coal-fired power plants and clean power sources[J].Power System Protection and Control,2022,50(13):43-52. | |
6 | 任建强,王璐阳,吴家浩,等 .基于情景构建与推演的新能源电力设备运行风险评估[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2022,62(10):1571-1578. |
REN J Q, WANG L Y, WU J H,et al .Operating risk assessments of new energy power equipment based on scenario construction and deduction[J].Journal of Tsinghua University (Nature Science Edition),2022,62(10):1571-1578. | |
7 | 刘玉良,刘耀年,术茜,等 .停运模型与事件树理论在电力系统脆性风险评估中的应用[J].黑龙江电力,2011,33(1):58-61. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-1663.2011.01.017 |
LIU Y L, LIU Y N, ZHU X,et al .The application of outage mode and event tree theory in power system brittleness risk assessment[J].Heilongjiang Electric Power,2011,33(1):58-61. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-1663.2011.01.017 | |
8 | RASOOL K .Event-tree analysis by fuzzy probability[J].IEEE Transactions on Reliability,1991, 40(1):120-124. doi:10.1109/24.75348 |
9 | FERDOUS R, KHAN F, SADIQ R,et al .Handling data uncertainties in event tree analysis[J].Process Safety and Environmental Protection,2009,87(5):283-292. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2009.07.003 |
10 | LOWER M, MAGOTT J, SKORUPSKI J .Analysis of air traffic incidents using event trees with fuzzy probabilities[J].Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2016,293: 50-79. doi:10.1016/j.fss.2015.11.004 |
11 | PURBA J H, TJAHYANI D T S, WIDODO S,et al .Fuzzy probability based event tree analysis for calculating core damage frequency in nuclear power plant probabilistic safety assessment[J]. Progress in Nuclear Energy,2020,125:103376. doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103376 |
12 | 龙丹冰,解丽萍,杨成 .基于熵算法改进的故障树-云模型风险分析方法[J] .安全与环境学报,2021,5:1-11. |
LONG D B, XIE LI P, YANG C .Visual risk assessment method based on the fault tree analysis coupled cloud models using modified entropy algorithm[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2021,5:1-11. | |
13 | 吴寒梅 .电站设备故障风险分析与维修决策[D].北京:华北电力大学,2011. |
WU H M .Risk analysis and maintenance decision for power plant equipment faults[D].Beijing:North China Electric Power University,2011. | |
14 | 宫运化,徐越 .基于动态故障树的化工系统动态风险评价[J].安全与环境工程,2015,22(2):134-138. |
GONG Y H, XU Y .Dynamic risk assessment for chemical system based on dynamic fault tree[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2015,22(2):134-138. | |
15 | 张玉涛,林国铖,李亚清 .基于事故树J-风险矩阵法的脱硫工艺中毒窒息事故风险评估[J].西安科技大学学报,2020,40(1):40-48. |
ZHANG Y T, LIN G C, LI Y Q .Risk assessment of suffocation and poisoning accidents in desulfurization process based on FTA-risk matrix method[J].Journal of Xi’an University of Science and Technology,2020,40(1):40-48. | |
16 | 董玉亮,李亚琼,王珍和,等 .基于证据理论的燃煤电站安全评价研究[J].安全与环境学报,2010,10(3):179-183. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-6094.2010.03.043 |
DONG Y L, LI Y Q, WANG Z H,et al .Safety evaluation on fuel-fired power plant based on evidence theory[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2010,10(3):179-183. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-6094.2010.03.043 | |
17 | TIAN Y C, LEE M .Assessment of terrorist attack risk of a BWR nuclear power plant using Monte Carlo simulations[J].Nuclear Technology,2021,207(12):1913-1933. doi:10.1080/00295450.2020.1843955 |
18 | GEORGE P G, RENJITH V R .Evolution of safety and security risk assessment methodologies towards the use of Bayesian networks in process industries[J].Process Safety and Environmental Protection,2021,149:758-775. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2021.03.031 |
19 | LI M, ZHANG R .Evolving a weighted Bayesian network for consequence assessment of terrorist attack[J].IEEE Access,2020,8:88282-88293. doi:10.1109/access.2020.2993016 |
20 | ZHAO Y, TONG J, ZHANG L .Rapid source term prediction in nuclear power plant accidents based on dynamic Bayesian networks and probabilistic risk assessment[J].Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2021,158:108217. doi:10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108217 |
21 | 宋贵安.基于数据驱动的电站设备性能劣化评估方法研究[D].南京:东南大学,2022. |
SONG G A .Research on performance deterioration evaluation method of power plant equipment based on data-driven[D].Nanjing:Southeast University,2022. | |
22 | 张芳,张随平,张萍.电站设备运行风险分析[J].甘肃科技,2014,30(9):56-58. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0952.2014.09.020 |
ZHANG F, ZHANG S P, ZHANG P .Operation risk analysis of power station equipment[J].Gansu Science and Technology,2014,30(9):56-58. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0952.2014.09.020 | |
23 | 蔡庄红,黄庭刚 .安全评价技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2014. |
CAI Z H, HUANG T G .Safety evaluation technology[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2014. | |
24 | 刘诗飞,詹予忠 .重大危险源辨识及危害后果分析[M].北京:化学业出版社,2004. doi:10.1002/0471739421.ch22 |
LIU S F, ZHAN Y Z .Identification of major hazard sources and hazard consequence analysis[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2004. doi:10.1002/0471739421.ch22 | |
25 | 王建 .储罐区可燃气体泄漏扩散模拟及爆燃灾害评估[D].大连:大连理工大学,2013. |
WANG J .Simulation of combustible gas leakage and diffusion and deflagration disaster assessment in tank area[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2013. | |
26 | 刘合香 .模糊数学理论及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2012. doi:10.1109/cecnet.2012.6201505 |
LIU H X .Fuzzy mathematics theory and its application[M].Beijing:Science publishing house,2012. doi:10.1109/cecnet.2012.6201505 | |
27 | YANG J B, SINGH M C .An envidential reasoning approach for multiple attribute decision making with uncertainty[J].IEEE Transactions on System,Man,and Cybernetics,1994,24(1):1-18. doi:10.1109/21.259681 |
[1] | 李存文, 王在华, 陈涛, 冯前伟, 徐克涛, 张杨. 基于燃煤电站运行数据的烟气脱硫系统性能预测研究[J]. 发电技术, 2022, 43(4): 673-678. |
[2] | 王玉亭, 陈彦奇, 徐钢, 陈衡. 大型燃煤电站汽轮机排汽通道结构优化研究[J]. 发电技术, 2021, 42(4): 464-472. |
[3] | 王建华,范佩佩,石峰,种道彤. 给水旁路调节下高压加热器的瞬态应力分析[J]. 发电技术, 2019, 40(4): 329-338. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||