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Overview of Magnetic Confinement Controlled Nuclear Fusion Reactors and Superconducting Magnet Technologies AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesMagnetic confinement fusion is regarded as a critical solution to future global energy challenges. As the central component of magnetic confinement fusion devices, magnets play a crucial role in generating and sustaining plasma stability. A review of the magnetic system structures and specifications in representative magnetic confinement fusion devices worldwide was provided.MethodsThe technological evolution of fusion magnets was reviewed, from copper-based to low-temperature superconducting, and finally to high-temperature superconducting magnets. The structure and performance parameters of magnetic systems in various typical fusion devices were summarized systematically. Additionally, the technical challenges in magnet development were explored and an outlook on future development trend was offered.ConclusionsAdvances in magnet technology are vital for enhancing the performance of fusion devices and accelerating the commercialization of fusion energy. With the increasing application of high-temperature superconducting materials and continuous optimization of magnet designs, the practical realization of fusion energy is becoming increasingly feasible.Keywords：magnetic confinement controlled nuclear;high-temperature superconducting material;new energy;fusion energy resource;magnetic confinement fusion;Tokamak;fusion magnet;superconductor203|1089|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15Design and Optimization of Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion Neutron Source Large-Size and High Magnetic Field Magnetic Compression Magnet AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesIn order to truly reflect the damage characteristic of fusion neutron irradiation, it is necessary to carry out research on high-flux fusion neutron sources. As the first experimental device in the world that can realize cascaded magnetic compression with high compression ratio of field-reversed configuration plasma, the preliminary research device of magnetic confinement deuterium-deuterium fusion neutron source has important scientific significance. As one of the core components of the device, the magnetic compression magnet was designed to increase the magnetic induction intensity of the central magnetic field from 0 T to 7 T within 500 μs. Therefore, a design idea for the conductor part of the magnetic compression magnet was proposed.MethodsBased on the conductor design of magnet, the conductor stress was analyzed by finite element simulation software from the three aspects of conductor material selection, conductor turn distance and conductor radial thickness. The influence of conductor material conductivity, conductor turn distance and conductor radial thickness on conductor stress was obtained.ResultsThe design idea of the next magnet is determined. That is, the conductor material with low conductivity is appropriately selected within the allowable range of ohmic loss, the conductor turn spacing is appropriately increased by increasing the thickness of the insulation layer within the allowable range of axial space, and the radial thickness of the conductor is appropriately reduced within the allowable range of material stress to reduce the construction cost.ConclusionsWith the further development of the preliminary research device of neutron source project, the design ideas proposed in this paper can provide optimization direction for the design of magnetic compression magnet device.Keywords：controllable nuclear fusion;magnetic compression magnet;fusion neutron source;large-size pulsed high-field magnet;finite element analysis;deuterium-deuterium fusion;magnetic field86|219|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15- Abstract：ObjectivesIn order to support the testing requirements of the international thermonuclear experimental reactor AC/DC converter system and apply to high-precision control standards for future fusion magnet power supplies, a real-time control system suitable for high-power DC test platforms was developed.MethodsChoosing the QNX real-time operating system as the core platform and combining it with reflective memory technology provided by GE company in the United States, a network architecture for real-time high-speed data exchange was built. The system was designed with multiple operation modes to cope with different testing scenarios, while implementing different levels of safety interlocking mechanisms to ensure equipment safety. This system possessed the capabilities of setting converter operating parameters, fault identification, equipment status monitoring, and millisecond-level real-time control and safety protection functions.ResultsExperimental validation has demonstrated the system’s stability and reliability in high-power environments, achieving precise control of 120 kA steady-state current and 500 kA pulse current. Furthermore, the system not only meets the basic requirements of real-time control but also ensures safe interlocking and continuous stable operation of the equipment during multi-mode operation.ConclusionsThe designed real-time control system for the high-power DC test platform achieves efficient multi-module synchronous management and fully complies with strict millisecond-level control cycle requirements.Keywords：international thermonuclear experimental reactor;nuclear fusion;fusion magnet power supplies;real-time control;reflective memory;converter;interlock protection67|54|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15
Research on Electromagnetic Simulation Method of Fusion High-Temperature Superconducting Magnet System AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesThe application of high-temperature superconductivity (HTS) magnet system is an important technical route for future tokamak devices. However, the magnetic field anisotropy of the HTS tape and the complex conductor structures greatly increase the complexity of the simulation in the electromagnetic design stage of the HTS magnet system of the fusion device. It is necessary to carry out the corresponding research on the electromagnetic simulation and simplified methods.MethodsThe finite element simulation software COMSOL was used to establish the overall electromagnetic simulation model and various simplified models of the HTS magnet system, and the related electromagnetic properties were simulated and compared.ResultsThe calculation results of the central magnetic field and the maximum ripple of plasma are mainly controlled by the magnetic field generated by the toroidal field (TF) coil. However, the TF coil has little influence on the magnetic field distribution on the central solenoid (CS) coil. When the detailed structure of the conductor is combined and the magnetic field anisotropy of the HTS tape is considered, the calculated results of the vertical magnetic field show a large difference compared with the overall model.ConclusionsThe TF coil can only be considered in the calculation of the relevant electromagnetic parameters in the plasma region, and the TF coil can be ignored in the analysis of the magnetic field on the CS coil. In addition, by combining the average current distribution of the conductor structure, the simulation error of the vertical magnetic field of the HTS tape can be effectively reduced.Keywords：nuclear fusion;fusion power;tokamak magnet system;high-temperature superconductivity;electromagnetic analysis;model comparison176|821|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15Mechanical Characteristics Analysis of Stacked Magnet of Rare Earth Barium Copper Oxide Closed-Loop Superconducting Gourd-Shaped Loop AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesHigh-field superconducting magnets have great application value in many fields. Due to the immature welding technology, the second-generation high-temperature superconducting magnets cannot achieve persistent current mode operation. A rare earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) closed-loop superconducting gourd-shaped loop stacked magnet can achieve unimpeded closed-loop operation. It has been verified that it has the functions of flux density amplification and flux accumulation, and has the potential to achieve high magnetic field output. Therefore, it is crucial to study whether this magnet can maintain stability under high current and high magnetic field conditions.MethodsA three-dimensional finite element model of this REBCO closed-loop superconducting gourd-shaped loop stacked magnet was established to analyze its electromagnetic response and stress-strain distribution under the field cold excitation method.ResultsThe electromagnetic force per unit volume of the stacked magnet decreases gradually from the inner diameter to the outer diameter of the circular loop, with higher values at both ends and lower values in the middle, it presented a “U” shaped distribution. Additionally, the areas with significant stress are located at the connecting bridge and the junction between the loop and the bridge, making these regions prone to deformation and potential quench risks.ConclusionsThe analysis of the distribution characteristics of stress and strain of the magnet has a reference significance for improving the geometric shape of the gourd-shaped double-hole closed-loop superconducting sheet and the structure of the stacked magnet, and is of great significance to the safe operation of the magnet.Keywords：nuclear fusion;high temperature superconducting magnet;superconducting energy storage;rare earth barium copper oxide (REBCO);stacked magnets54|230|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15Design of Control System for Preliminary Research Device of Magnetic Confinement Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion Neutron Source AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesThe preliminary research device of magnetic confinement deuterium-deuterium fusion neutron source is a novel neutron source preliminary research device based on field-reversed configuration (FRC) cascade magnetic compression. It aims to leverage the experiences from the first-phase construction to enhance system design, significantly improve plasma parameters, and further expand research on magnetic compression fusion, laying the foundation for achieving a large-volume high-flux fusion neutron source in the third phase.MethodsThe preliminary research device control system optimized and reconstructed the control framework, provided safety interlocking, pulse control and comprehensive data services, coordinated and integrated each service into the automated discharge process through integrated control, and added a number of resources to expand applications and DevOps tool.ResultsThrough the reconfiguration design, the comprehensive performance of the control system in terms of safety, stability and efficiency had been significantly improved. The safety interlock system ensured the safety of personnel and equipment during the experiment process, the pulse control system achieved high-precision timing control, the comprehensive data service provided full process support from data collection to analysis, and resource expansion applications and DevOps tools further improved the system flexibility and operation and maintenance efficiency.ConclusionsBy optimizing the control framework and introducing advanced operation and maintenance tools, the design can better meet the needs of complex device structure and precise discharge flow, and provide an efficient control system construction plan for the subsequent long-term cooperation construction of the magnetically confined deuterium fusion neutron source preliminary research device.Keywords：nuclear fusion;fusion neurton source;magnetic confinement;the plasma;field-reversed configuration (FRC);control system;deuterium-deuterium fusion107|321|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15Structure Design and Optimization of Helium Cooling Tube for Nuclear Fusion Poloidal Coil AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesThe helium cooling tube is the core component of the fusion superconducting magnet system. It connects the superconducting magnet cooling channel and the cryogenic system, and is directly related to the operation stability of the superconducting magnet system. Since helium cooling pipes need to be welded on site, the structural design of helium pipes needs to be comprehensively considered from multiple aspects such as functional realization and on-site process operability, and reasonable solutions need to be proposed.MethodsThrough comprehensive analysis of the polar field structure of the fusion reactor, the structural optimization and pressure loss assessment of the cryogenic helium cooling tube were carried out. A comprehensive comparative analysis of the helium hole size and the optimal design of weld chamfer was carried out from the perspective of structural mechanics. The general requirements for the design criteria of the fusion reactor magnet helium cooling tube were proposed. Based on the structural mechanical analysis and pressure loss analysis of helium cooling tubes, and the comprehensive consideration of field operability, a helium cooling tube design scheme was proposed to meet the requirements of helium cooling tubes for fusion reactor magnets.ResultsAlthough short running helium cooling pipes will cause an increase in local pressure loss, which is equivalent to a conductor of 2.7 meters long, the pressure loss caused by them is basically negligible compared with the total length of the coil.ConclusionsThe adoption of the short track helium tube design scheme can not only meet the functional requirements, but also greatly improve the operability of the field process and meet the requirements of helium cooling tubes for superconducting magnets in fusion reactors.Keywords：thermonuclear fusion;fusion device;poloidal field coil;helium cooling tube;structural design;superconducting magnet;strong magnetic field;plasma76|173|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15- Abstract：ObjectivesWith the rapid development of the steady high magnetic field, the requirements for the performance and uniformity of superconducting magnets have become increasingly stringent, resulting in the current Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi-2212) high-temperature superconducting wires failing to meet the application requirements in terms of comprehensive performance. In order to enhance the performance and uniformity of Bi-2212 superconducting wires and achieve the preparation of wires with superior comprehensive performance, the uniform processing technology for multi-core wires is of utmost importance. Die angle is an important parameter of the wire. Therefore, the influence of different die angles on the wire processing was studied.MethodsMultiple Bi-2212 wires were prepared using the powder-in-tube method and processed with alloy drawing dies with half die angles of 3°, 7° and 14°, respectively. During the experiment, systematic investigations were conducted on the microstructure, powder hardness, and superconducting physical properties of the wires.ResultsThe wires processed with smaller die angles show higher current-carrying capabilities, especially, the current-carrying capacity of the sample with a 3° half die angle is 1.56 times that of the sample with a 14° half die angle. The Wires processed with a large die angle show core wire fractures and silver layer ruptures, leading to decreased performance, while the wires with smaller die angles maintain structural integrity. Furthermore, the choice of die angle significantly affects the smoothness of the Ag/superconductor interface, with wires processed at smaller die angles demonstrating superior interface smoothness. This further influences the texture of the superconducting filaments and the current-carrying capacity of the wires.ConclusionsSmaller half die angles help maintain the structural integrity of the multi-filament Bi-2212 wire cores and improve the current-carrying capacity by enhancing the texture. The research results provide process guidance for the preparation of high-performance Bi-2212 wires.Keywords：nuclear fusion;steady high magnetic field;high-temperature superconducting material;superconducting magnet;powder-in-tube method;Bi-2212 wire;die angle;current-carrying capacity43|157|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15
Controllable Nuclear Fusion and Its Power Generation Technology
Research and Application of Operation Flexibility Improvement Technology for Coal-Fired Power Unit AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesUnder the background of the “dual carbon” strategic goal, the demand for flexible regulation resources in the power system has significantly increased after the large-scale integration of new energy generation into the grid. At present, the coal-fired power is the main flexible resource on the power side with the ability to scale up peak shaving. Since 2016, the major domestic power generation companies have implemented a certain scale of flexibility transformation of coal-fired power units. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize and analyze the problems existing in the actual operation and maintenance of the unit after flexibility transformation.MethodsThe technical route, investment cost and actual operation of several coal-fired power units with flexible transformation in a company were statistically analyzed.ResultsAfter the flexibility improvement and transformation of the active coal-fired power generation unit, the minimum power generation output of the advanced unit can be reduced to 18%Pe (Pe is rated load) level, the load change rate with 20%Pe~30%Pe can reach 1.8%Pe/min, and an average unit capacity investment is 101 yuan/kW. In addition, under flexible operating conditions, the coal consumption of coal-fired power units after the transformation has significantly increased.ConclusionsSuggestions are put forward for the operation, maintenance and further work of coal-fired power units under flexible operating conditions. The research results provide reference and inspiration for the flexibility improvement and transformation of existing coal-fired power units.Keywords：dual carbon;coal-fired power unit;low load;deep peak regulation;flexibility transformation;technical route;investment;maintenance suggestions76|864|14<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15Optimization Method of Flow Field for Alleviating Clogging of Mist Eliminator in Desulfurization Tower AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesDesulfurization tower mist eliminator is widely used in coal-fired power plants due to its simple structure and good fog removal effect. However, due to the limitation of its own gas-water separation principle, it is prone to scaling up and blocking on the plate surface, which seriously affects the output power of the unit. Therefore, it is necessary to solve the problem of frequent scaling and clogging of the wet desulfurization tower mist eliminator and the resulting excessive resistance loss.MethodsThe method of optimizing the flow field of desulfurization tower and its inlet flue using deflector plates was proposed, and the simulation calculations and engineering application verifications of the Z-shaped desulfurization tower and its L-shaped inlet flue before and after optimization were carried out.ResultsThe simulation results indicate that under rated boiler load conditions, the relative standard deviation of the velocity at the outlet section of the L-shaped inlet flue decreases from 27.57% to 19.99% after optimization. The relative standard deviation of the velocity at the inlet section of the mist eliminator in the Z-shaped desulfurization tower decreases from 45.66% to 40.24%. Meanwhile, the mass flow rate of the slurry droplets at the mist eliminator inlet section drops from 441.136 kg/s to 368.498 kg/s, indicating that the optimization scheme effectively reduces the workload of the mist eliminator. Experimental results show that prior to the modification, there were regions with a velocity of 0 m/s at the mist eliminator inlet section, which are improved to a velocity of 1-5 m/s after the modification, consistent with the trends observed in the simulation. Data from 180 days of operation after the modification indicate that the pressure drop before and after the mist eliminator does not exceed 200 Pa. On-site measurement results during maintenance show that the scaling thickness on the mist eliminator plate is reduced from over 1 cm before the modification to about 0.1 cm, eliminating severe scaling and blockage phenomena.ConclusionsThe proposed flow field optimization method significantly improves the uniformity of the flue gas flow field in the desulfurization tower, reduces the workload of the mist eliminator, and effectively slows down the fouling problem of the mist eliminator, which has great engineering application value.Keywords：coal-fired unit;desulfurization tower;boiler;mist eliminator;clogging;flow field uniformity;flue gas desulphurization;numerical simulation45|310|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15Comprehensive Optimization of the Cold End of 1 000 MW Ultra-Supercritical Unit Based on Pump Frequency Conversion AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesIn the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, the energy saving and efficiency improvement of thermal power units is the key to the low-carbon transformation of the power industry. Moreover, the implementation of cold end optimization to improve the operating economy of the unit is one of the effective methods, Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the cold end system with wide load.MethodsThis paper took the cold end system of the 1000 MW unit of Ninghai power plant as the research object, the calculation model of the wet natural ventilation cooling tower was established, and the corresponding software module was developed, which can realize the coupling calculation of the cooling tower-circulating pump group-condenser-steam turbine unit according to the ambient temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure data. Taking the actual environmental parameters and operating load as variables, the operation curve of the cooling tower, the comparison between the constant frequency and the frequency conversion operation of the circulating water pump group, and the comprehensive optimization of the cold end of the unit were carried out.ResultsThe maximum energy saving rate of pump frequency conversion is close to 50%. When the ambient temperature is about 31 ℃, the coal consumption rate can be reduced by adjusting the circulating water flow. The lower the ambient temperature is, the greater the coal consumption rate benefit is, the average coal consumption rate can be reduced by more than 2.0 g/(kW⋅h). However, the coal consumption income of different working conditions varies greatly.ConclusionsThe research results can provide reference for optimizing energy conservation at the cold end of the unit.Keywords：carbon peaking;carbon neutrality;ultra supercritical;circulating water pump;frequency conversion;cold end optimization;cooling tower;condenser84|292|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15Performance Prediction Method for Air Cooling System of Thermal Power Unit Considering Weather Effect AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesDirect air-cooled unit is a common equipment of thermal power generation in some water-deficient areas. The operation is subject to many restrictions because it uses air as its cooling medium. Heat transfer performance of air-cooled island was studied to solve these problems that direct air-cooled units are greatly affected by the environment and have high coal consumption.MethodsBased on history-data of a supercritical 2×600 MW unit in Hebei Province, the performance of its air-cooled island was calculated with MATLAB software, this study considered the acquired data as the training set and the test set,which were used to predict future performance in virtue of long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network machine learning algorithm. Under the condition that the model parameters were not changed, the feature importance ranking was determined by removing all features, based on which the best feature selection strategy was determined to further optimize the model. Considering the great impact from the weather, a prediction procedure, taking into account weather factors, was written to improve the accuracy of predicting air-cooled island performance, by combining the original data set with historical weather data. Accordingly prediction results were subjected to visualization and analyzation.ResultsThe prediction accuracy of the adopted prediction model is significantly higher than that of the traditional autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), and the goodness of fit of the direct air-cooled unit heat transfer performance prediction within the next hour is above 0.90.ConclusionsThe data characteristics and algorithms used in the model can provide data support for the stable operation of the direct air-cooled unit and provide a technical basis for the construction of intelligent power plants.Keywords：thermal power generation;thermal power units;air cooling system;direct air cooling unit;long and short-term memory (LSTM) neural network;performance prediction;feature importance;weather factor59|354|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15
Power Generation and Environmental Protection
Analysis and Forecast of the Shift From Double Control of Energy Consumption to Double Control of Carbon Emissions in Xinjiang AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesAs a national energy base,the shift in energy policy in Xinjiang is of great significance to the realization of national energy strategy goals. The shift from controlling total amount and intensity of energy consumption to controlling total amount and intensity of carbon emissions in Xinjiang was investigated.MethodsTwo decoupling elasticity indexes of economic elasticity and energy consumption elasticity of carbon emissions were proposed, and the decoupling relationship between energy consumption and carbon emissions in Xinjiang was predicted.ResultsIt is found that Xinjiang has initially realized the relative decoupling of energy consumption and carbon emissions,and is expected to realize the absolute decoupling of energy consumption and carbon emissions in 2032. The shift in the dual-control index helps to improve the electrification level of end-use energy consumption in Xinjiang, but the pressure to maintain electricity supply increases.ConclusionsThe research results have guiding significance for energy policy making in Xinjiang and even the whole country, provide an empirical basis for realizing the goal of carbon neutrality, and also provide a reference for the transition path of other energy bases.Keywords：carbon peak;carbon neutrality;energy consumption;carbon emissions;dual control of energy consumption;dual control of carbon emissions;Xinjiang energy policy83|110|4<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15Research on Low Carbon Information Disclosure and Low Carbon Transition Efficiency of Listed Power Generation Companies AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesAfter the “dual-carbon” goal was put forward, the electric power industry has accelerated the low-carbon transition, and power generation enterprises have incorporated low-carbon transition into their corporate development plans and strategies. In order to explore the consistency between low-carbon transformation goal commitments and implementation results, important factors influencing low-carbon transformation efficiency were explored, and the intrinsic connection between textual information and low-carbon transformation efficiency was studied.MethodsThis paper took 31 listed power generation companies as the research object from 2016 to 2022, and adopted the text analysis technique to construct a measurement index of the level of textual disclosure of low-carbon transition, and empirically examined the relationship between textual disclosure and the efficiency of low-carbon transition by using the panel regression model with bidirectional fixed effects.ResultsThe higher the level of textual information disclosure of low-carbon transition of listed power generation companies is, the lower the carbon emission intensity is, the better the environmental performance is, i.e., the higher the efficiency of the transition is, and the more consistent the company’s “words” and “actions” are. In addition, in companies with higher quality of accounting information disclosure and lower thermal power installed capacity, the effect of the disclosure level of low-carbon transition text on low-carbon transition efficiency is more significant.ConclusionsThe listed power generation companies should improve the quality of textual information disclosure of low-carbon transition, and play the role of supervision and management of annual report textual information to promote the development of low-carbon transition, and realize the consistency between textual information disclosure and transition efficiency.Keywords：dual-carbon;electric power industry;low carbon transition;efficiency;information disclosure;thermal power;listed power generation companies;textual analysis94|272|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15
Carbon Neutrality
- Abstract：ObjectivesIn response to the impact of the bandwidth of the current inner loop PI controller on the stability of the grid connected system of direct drive wind turbines under the background of weak electricity network, which leads to the induction of sub synchronous oscillation (SSO) phenomenon, a linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) was proposed to replace the current inner loop PI controller with an improved linear state error feedback control law (LSEF) to suppress SSO.MethodsFirstly, the LSEF of the LADRC controller was improved, and the tracking errors and anti-interference capabilities were studied. Moreover, an impedance model for the system considering frequency coupling effects was developed, and the Nyquist criterion was employed to assess the impact of line impedance values on the stability of the grid-connected converter system. Finally, the analysis and validation were performed using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software.ResultsCompared with traditional LADRC, the improved LADRC can reduce the DC side voltage fluctuation range by 85% and the active power fluctuation range by 89%.ConclusionsCompared with traditional LADRC controllers, improved LADRC controllers can better reduce the range of power fluctuations, DC side voltage fluctuations, and tracking errors.Keywords：wind power;subsynchronous oscillation (SSO);linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC);impedance model;direct-drive wind turbine;weak grid;connection to grid59|375|6<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15
Bearing Faults Diagnosis Method Based on Stacked Auto-Encoder With Graph Regularization for Wind Turbines AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesIn order to solve the problems of low efficiency of fault feature extraction, inaccurate feature representation, and difficulty in adapting existing methods to complex signal requirements in wind turbine bearing fault diagnosis, a fault diagnosis method based on graph regularization was proposed. The method helps to improve the analysis ability of vibration signals, thereby achieving accurate classification and reliable diagnosis of different fault types.MethodsThe technology based on graph regularization auto-encoder was adopted, combined with the idea of graph embedding, to guide the stack-supervised auto-encoder to carry out feature extraction. In the fault feature extraction stage, the diagnostic signal was first graphically represented, and then graph regularization terms were added to the stacked auto-encoder to ensure that the embedded low-dimensional features maintain the manifold structure, thereby extracting complex geometric features deep in the data.ResultsThe extracted features can accurately classify different fault types, showing significant advantages in fault feature capture. Experimental results show that this method has higher diagnosis accuracy and reliability in the application of actual wind farm data, and effectively improves the extraction efficiency and classification accuracy of fault features.ConclusionsThe proposed method has shown significant effectiveness and advantages in the field of wind power bearing fault diagnosis, and provides reliable technical support for practical applications.Keywords：wind turbine;bearing;fault diagnosis;graph regularization;auto-encoder;graph embedding;feature extraction;vibration signal45|187|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15- Abstract：ObjectivesThe wake of wind turbine affects the overall power output of wind farm. The analysis of wake characteristics is the key to study the influence of yaw control on wake. Therefore, the effects of different yaw angles of the upstream wind turbine on the wake characteristics (such as turbulence integral scale, power spectral density, etc. ) and the eddy current motion in the wake were studied, to understand the wake characteristics of the wind turbine under yaw conditions.MethodsThe wind tunnel was used to study the evolution law of the downstream wake of the wind turbine at 0°, 15° and 30° yaw angles. The turbulence integral scale and power spectral density were used to describe the wake characteristics, and the correlation between different feature points was analyzed.ResultsThe yaw angle has little effect on the horizontal wake, and the turbulence integral scale does not change much. The turbulent integral scale in the vertical direction has large fluctuations at different yaw angles. Through the analysis of the power spectral density, the contribution of eddy current motion to the turbulent kinetic energy of the wake is further quantified. The incoming current at 0° yaw is less disturbed by the rotation of the wind turbine than that at 15°. However, the increase of yaw angle does not always lead to an increase in the damage degree of wind turbines to the incoming current, and the decoupling effect on the incoming vortex structure at 30° is smaller than that at 15°.ConclusionsThere is a significant difference in the influence of yaw angle on the horizontal and vertical directions of wind turbine wake. The power spectral density analysis provides a quantitative basis for understanding the contribution of eddy current motion to the turbulent kinetic energy of the wake, which is helpful for in-depth study of the energy transfer and flow mechanism in the wake. There is not a simple positive correlation between the yaw angle and the disturbance and decoupling of the wind turbine on the incoming stream, which provides a reference for the optimal operation of the wind turbine and the layout of the wind farm.Keywords：renewable energy;wind power;wind turbine;wake;turbulence;evolution;yaw control;wind tunnel experiment93|377|1<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15
Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Output Voltage of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Based on Reinforcement Learning AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesIn order to improve the performance and lifetime of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems, the 100 kW SOFC system was taken as the research object. The continuous adjustment of the controller coefficients was explored through reinforcement learning to realize the best comprehensive performance, while ensuring the output voltage tracking performance.MethodsA mechanism-based SOFC output voltage system model was established, an improved nonlinear active disturbance rejection controller (NLADRC) was used to make the output voltage track the reference value well by controlling the input gas flow. Conventional single-channel controllers can only satisfy one objective at a time, and dual-channel controllers will increase system complexity, cost and risk of failure. An improved NLADRC controller based on the twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) was proposed to optimize the coefficients of nonlinear error feedback control law.ResultsThe designed controller can improve SOFC output voltage tracking performance without violating fuel utilization constraints.ConclusionsThe designed controller has the advantages of strong adaptability, high stability, and the ability to overcome uncertainty, providing theoretical reference for designing output voltage controllers in practical SOFC systems.Keywords：solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC);twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3);nonlinear active disturbance rejection control (NLADRC);fuel utilization;nonlinear error feedback control law;output voltage tracking;uncertainty69|143|3<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15
New Energy
- Abstract：ObjectivesTo address the uncertainties of renewable energy output and load faced by virtual power plant (VPP) when participating in electric energy and demand response markets, a robust optimal scheduling strategy considering multiple uncertainties was proposed to reduce the conservativeness of robust optimization and improve the economic benefits of VPP.MethodsA polyhedral uncertainty set based on conditional value at risk (CVaR) was constructed. On this basis, considering the uncertainties of wind power, photovoltaic output and load, a day-ahead two-stage robust optimization model of VPP participating in electric energy and demand response markets was established. Then, using a column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm and Lagrangian dual theory, the model was divided into a master problem and a sub-problem that can be solved by a solver. Finally, Monte Carlo method was used to generate a large number of wind power, photovoltaic and load data. The proposed strategy was simulated and analyzed, and compared with the optimization results of other schemes.ResultsThe proposed strategy adopting a polyhedral uncertainty set based on CVaR can make full use of historical data. Compared with the scheme using traditional uncertainty set, the total cost of VPP is reduced by about 2%.ConclusionsThe proposed strategy can significantly reduce the conservativeness of robust optimization results and enhance the economy of VPP participation in the market under multiple uncertainties.Keywords：virtual power plant (VPP);wind power;photovoltaic;electric energy;demand response market;condition value at risk (CVaR);robust optimization;scheduling strategy96|128|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15
Optimal Operation Method of Electric-Hydrogen Hybrid Energy Storage Microgrid System Based on Typical Commercial Operation Mode AI Introduction
Abstract：ObjectivesAiming at the low-carbon transformation of micro-grid, an optimal scheduling method for electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage micro-grid was proposed to address the scheduling challenges under different business models.MethodsFirstly, a mathematical model of micro-grid with electro-hydrogen hybrid energy storage was developed. Based on two typical business models of multi-party cooperative energy supply and multi-party independent energy supply were analyzed. Based on these models, the corresponding multi-objective optimization scheduling models and these constraints were constructed. Then, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was introduced, which was combined with variance crowding distance method and normal distribution crossover operator to improve optimization efficiency and solution accuracy. Finally, the simulation experiments were conducted using an operational electro-hydrogen hybrid energy storage micro-grid system in a southeastern coastal area to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.ResultsCompared with before optimization, the economy of the multi-party cooperative energy supply business model is improved by about 4.1%, the wind-solar energy abandon rate is reduced by about 19%, and the annual carbon emission is reduced by about 47.42 t.ConclusionsThe multi-party cooperative energy supply business model aligns better with the current power market conditions of China’s , and the optimized system performance is significantly enhanced. This study demonstrates that the proposed optimization scheduling method effectively supports the low-carbon transition of electro-hydrogen hybrid energy storage micro-grid under various business models.Keywords：microgrid;power system;renewable energy;energy storage system;reversible conversion of electric hydrogen;typical business model;non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II);multi-objective optimization algorithm74|709|0<HTML><L-PDF> <WORD> <Meta-XML>Updated：2025-06-15
Smart Grid
