变流量配水对湿冷塔冷却特性的影响及其优化
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Effects of Variable-Flow Water Distribution on Cooling Performance of Wet Cooling Towers and Its Optimization
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收稿日期: 2024-09-14 修回日期: 2024-12-30
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Received: 2024-09-14 Revised: 2024-12-30
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作者简介 About authors
目的 变流量全塔配水时,配水均匀性对湿冷塔冷却性能影响较大。为实现湿冷机组在深度调峰全过程湿冷塔高效节能运行,研究了湿冷塔变流量对全塔配水均匀性及冷却性能的影响,并进行了配水优化。 方法 基于湿冷塔配水理论计算模型和三维热力计算模型,研究了循环水双泵和单泵运行全塔配水时循环水量、水量分配及其不均匀性的变化特征,分析了变流量配水对冷却塔水池表面水温和平均水温的影响,并提出了配水优化方案。 结果 由双泵切换至单泵运行时,仅考虑双泵运行配水优化的方案内区配水不均匀性系数由3.8%提高至6.8%,外区部分配水管末端出现零喷淋现象,由此造成单泵运行全塔配水时外区冷却性能弱化。结合循环水泵变工况运行时流量变化,提出了综合单双泵运行的全塔配水优化方案,可实现单泵运行时平均出塔水温降低0.8 ℃。 结论 综合考虑湿冷塔变流量配水时全塔配水均匀性的优化设计方案,可实现湿冷机组深度调峰全工况冷端的高效节能运行。
关键词:
Objectives When distributing water across the whole tower under different water flow rates, the water distribution uniformity has a significant effect on the cooling performance of wet cooling tower. In order to realize the high efficiency and energy-saving operation of wet cooling tower in the whole process of deep peak-shaving of wet cooling power units, the influence of the variable flow rate of the wet cooling tower on the water distribution uniformity and cooling performance of the whole tower is studied, and the water distribution optimization is carried out. Methods Based on the theoretical calculation model for water distribution in wet cooling tower and the three-dimensional thermal calculation model, the variation characteristics of water mass flow rate, water distribution and its non-uniformity during whole-tower water distribution under single-pump and dual-pump operation are studied. The influence of variable flow water distribution on the surface water temperature and average water temperature of cooling tower pool is analyzed, and the optimization scheme of water distribution is put forward. Results When switching from dual-pump to single-pump operation, the non-uniformity coefficient of water distribution in the inner zone is increased from 3.8% to 6.8% under the scheme only considering the optimization of water distribution in dual-pump operation, and zero spray phenomenon occurs at the end of some water distribution pipes in the outer zone, which weakens the cooling performance of the outer zone when the water distribution of the whole tower is operated by single-pump. Combined with the flow change of circulating water pump under variable operating conditions, an optimization scheme of water distribution in the whole tower integrating single-pump and dual-pump operation is proposed, which can reduce the average outlet water temperature by 0.8 ℃ under the single-pump operation. Conclusions Considering the optimization design of the water distribution uniformity of the whole tower during the variable flow water distribution of the wet cooling tower, the high efficiency and energy-saving operation of the cold end of the wet cooling units under the full working condition of the deep peak-shaving can be realized.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
罗晟, 王磊, 李杨, 孟庆明, 张贵彬, 赵元宾.
LUO Cheng, WANG Lei, LI Yang, MENG Qingming, ZHANG Guibin, ZHAO Yuanbin.
0 引言
冷却塔的配水系统一般有管式配水系统、槽式配水系统、池式配水系统、槽管混合系统等形式,其中,管式配水系统在近年来的工程实践中应用最广泛[7-10]。研究人员已针对配水系统水力计算方法[11]、数学模型[12]、经验公式及系数取值[13]等方向开展了系统性研究,为自然通风湿式冷却塔管式配水系统的优化设计奠定了理论基础。赵顺安[14]基于Bernouli方程建立了配水系统水力计算方程。胡连江等[15]结合Bernoulli方程和Gardel方程,建立了配水系统动、静压转换和各喷头前的配水压力计算公式,提出了冷却塔均匀配水的数学计算模型。杨志等[16]对配水管进行了三维建模并对配水管内水流场进行了三维数值模拟,实现了冷却塔配水管喷头流量的准确计算。翁迅干等[17]指出虹吸式配水冷却塔具有淋水密度均匀、冷却效率高等优点。金台等[18]对冷却塔均匀配水及2种内外分区配水方案进行了对比计算,结果表明:采用内外分区配水时,冷却塔内部的温度场与湿度场更为均匀,冷却效果更好;内方区配水较内圆区配水冷却塔冷却效果更好,且工程实践中更易实现。谢薇等[19]在文献[15]的基础上,探究了配水管上喷头出水量差和作用压力差的计算方法,建立了配水喷头压力不均匀性模型,作为初步选择方案的标准。
风水匹配优化作为冷却塔提升性能、强化传热的通用技术手段,其现有研究多集中于填料内区和填料外区均能实现均匀配水的理想工况[20]。然而在实际运行中,冷却系统循环水双泵、单泵切换所引发的流量变化,极易导致湿冷塔全塔配水时的填料外区配水不均,甚至出现局部零喷淋现象,严重制约其冷却性能。基于此,本文探究变流量配水条件下各区配水均匀性的变化规律及其对湿冷塔冷却性能的影响机制,进而提出变流量配水优化方案,以实现湿冷发电机组深度调峰全过程湿冷塔高效节能运行。
1 湿冷塔配水计算方法
1.1 湿冷塔配水系统
管式配水系统是指用钢管作配水管,将热水分配到冷却塔配水高程断面的各个位置。这种配水系统的优点是管内水流速度快,与槽式配水系统相比,在水流量相同的情况下水管断面小,占用冷却塔内通风面积小,通风阻力小,配水更均匀。由于管内水压较高,水流通过喷溅装置后形成的水滴更细,因此管式配水系统冷却效果更好。冷却塔配水优化是指通过改变配水管、喷头尺寸,配水管之间距离,以及喷头之间距离、布置方式等,降低其出塔水温,提高机组运行效率。
本文根据配水管道实际情况进行如下假设:1)各段水管材质相同;2)同一区域内各配水喷头的形式、特性均相同;3)所有配水喷头均为三通形式连接配水管;4)管内水流为紊流。
1.2 配水计算方法
根据文献[19],配水管中第i个喷头前的冷却水流速:
式中:Q为配水管最大流量,m3/s;d为配水管管径,m;n为三通数,即配水管上喷头数。
第i个三通分流损失水头:
式中:
直通损失水头:
喷头作用水头:
式中:
第i个喷头流量:
式中:σ为喷头流量系数;Ap为喷头截面积,m2;
第k个配水管配水不均匀性系数:
式中
整体配水不均匀性系数:
式中:
2 变流量配水对冷却塔配水均匀性的影响
2.1 单双泵运行变化对配水方案的影响与分析
现有冷却塔配水为中央单竖井管槽结合式配水,在2条相互垂直的直径上分别布置2条配水槽,配水管均匀分布在配水槽的两侧,且为内外分区配水。以整塔1/4圆为例,内区为12根配置完全相同的配水管,管径变化、三通数量、三通下喷头数量等都具有一致性;外区分为外1区和外2区两部分,共计19根配水管,如图1所示。
图1
图1
配水系统及单泵运行零喷淋范围示意图
Fig. 1
Schematic diagram of water distribution system and zero spray range during single-pump operation
湿冷塔运行工况主要分为冬季工况和夏季工况,冬季工况为单泵运行,夏季工况为双泵运行。2种工况下流量变化较大,对冷却塔配水会产生不同强度的影响。
在冷却塔配水方案确定且双泵运行时,配水量较大,整个冷却塔均有配水,且各个区域配水均匀,主要区域配水情况分布如表1所示。
表1 双泵配水情况分布
Tab. 1
| 区域 | 分区总流量/(m3/s) | 平均喷头流量/(m3/s) | 不均匀性系数/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 内区 | 0.762 7 | 0.001 4 | 1.5 |
| 外区 | 1.009 2 | 0.001 5 | 1.7 |
结合图1可知,当循环水泵运行方式变更为单泵运行时,配水量相应减少,此时若配水方案不变,外区靠近冷却塔外边缘地带会出现零喷淋区域,即外区配水管的末端出现无水可配的现象。
在相同配水方案下,配水量出现较大变化时,大流量(双泵)配水过程正常,各区域配水均匀,而小流量配水时存在零喷淋区域。通过数据对比,分析其原因如下:该配水方案是基于大流量(双泵)工况设计,当配水量减小至单泵运行流量时会出现部分区域零喷淋。由此可以得出,在对冷却塔进行配水方案设计时,需要结合冷却塔所有运行工况进行分析,特别是应对变流量配水工况下的配水方案进行核对。
2.2 单双泵运行下配水方案变化对配水均匀性的影响
2.2.1 方案1分析
图2
图3
图3
方案1双泵配水管喷头流量
Fig. 3
Nozzle flow rate for dual-pump water distribution pipes of scheme 1
表3 方案1双泵运行计算结果
Tab. 3
| 区域 | 淋水密度/[kg/(m2⋅s)] | 配水不均匀性系数/% |
|---|---|---|
| 内区 | 1.371 6 | 3.8 |
| 外区 | 2.033 3 | 7.6 |
图4
图4
方案1单泵配水管喷头流量
Fig. 4
Nozzle flow rate for single-pump water distribution pipes of scheme 1
表4 方案1单泵运行计算结果
Tab. 4
| 区域 | 淋水密度/[kg/(m2⋅s)] | 配水不均匀性系数/% |
|---|---|---|
| 内区 | 1.244 1 | 6.8 |
| 外区 | 1.124 3(淋水部分) | — |
2.2.2 方案2分析
图5
表6 方案2双泵运行计算结果
Tab. 6
| 区域 | 淋水密度/[kg/(m2⋅s)] | 配水不均匀性系数/% |
|---|---|---|
| 内区 | 1.594 2 | 5.3 |
| 外区整体 | 1.856 2 | 6.4 |
| 外1区 | 1.435 6 | 5.5 |
| 外2区 | 1.598 6 | 4.9 |
| 外3区 | 2.285 5 | 6.7 |
图6
图6
方案2双泵配水管喷头流量
Fig. 6
Nozzle flow rate for dual-pump water distribution pipes of scheme 2
表7 方案2单泵运行计算结果
Tab. 7
| 区域 | 淋水密度/[kg/(m2⋅s)] | 配水不均匀性系数/% |
|---|---|---|
| 内区 | 1.036 0 | 6.3 |
| 外区整体 | 1.060 3 | 9.2 |
| 外1区 | 0.945 4 | 7.1 |
| 外2区 | 1.036 6 | 7.6 |
| 外3区 | 1.154 9 | 8.5 |
图7
图7
方案2单泵配水管喷头流量
Fig. 7
Nozzle flow rate for single-pump water distribution pipes of scheme 2
3 变流量配水均匀性对冷却特性的影响
式中:
液相水滴的控制方程如下:
式中:
图8
图8
方案1单泵运行喷淋区淋水密度分布
Fig. 8
Distribution of water leaching density in the spray zone of cooling tower when single-pump running at scheme 1
图9
图9
方案1双泵运行水池水面温度分布
Fig. 9
Water surface temperature distribution in cooling tower basin during dual-pump operation of scheme 1
图10
图10
方案1单泵运行水池水面温度分布
Fig. 10
Water surface temperature distribution in cooling tower basin during single-pump operation of scheme 1
图11
图11
方案2双泵运行水池水面温度分布
Fig. 11
Water surface temperature distribution in cooling tower basin during dual-pump operation of scheme 2
图12
图12
方案2单泵运行水池水面温度分布
Fig. 12
Water surface temperature distribution in cooling tower basin during single-pump operation of scheme 2
方案1、2平均水池水温(即出塔水温)计算结果对比如图13所示。可以看出,当配水量为双泵流量时,配水量充足,且2个方案都符合均匀配水的要求,此时冷却塔的换热效率较高,两方案平均水池水温几乎相等;当配水量为单泵流量时,配水量减小,由于配水方案1喷头口径较大,导致配水不均匀,而配水方案2喷头口径整体偏小,符合均匀配水要求。最终,配水方案2的平均出塔水温较配水方案1降低0.8 ℃,可作为全塔变流量配水优化方案。
图13
图13
变流量配水方案冷却特性对比
Fig. 13
Comparison of cooling characteristics between variable flow rate water distribution schemes
4 结论
针对仅考虑多泵大流量全塔配水的配水优化方案,分析了小流量全塔配水时易出现局部零喷淋现象的形成机理,研究了其对冷却塔冷却性能的影响,得出以下结论:
1)在变流量配水情况下,不同全塔配水方案均满足配水均匀性要求时,相同工况下冷却塔的平均出塔水温接近;而当循环水流量较小的单泵运行方案出现冷却塔外区局部零喷淋现象时,在相同工况下相对外区可均匀配水的优化方案,平均出塔水温约增加0.8 ℃,而冷却塔的温降一般在10 ℃左右,对整塔冷却性能的影响明显较大。因此,变流量全塔配水引起的配水不均匀性,会严重影响冷却塔的换热效率和冷却能力。
2)仅依据多泵大流量进行设计的湿冷塔全塔配水方案,在单泵运行全塔小流量配水时,难以同时满足内外区配水均匀性的要求。综合考虑单、双泵变工况运行时流量变化对各区配水均匀性的影响,所提出的适用于全塔变流量配水的湿冷塔均匀配水优化方案,可在湿冷机组深度调峰全过程确保机组冷端湿冷塔的高效节能运行。
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