构网型储能及其应用综述

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.24052

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的 “双高”电力系统(高比例可再生能源和高比例电力电子设备)低惯性、低阻尼的特征使电网在频率、电压等稳定问题面临着严峻的挑战。构网型储能(grid-forming energy storage，GFM-ES)具有频率调节和电压控制的能力，针对其特性、应用场景和研究展望等方面进行综述。方法首先从GFM-ES和跟网型储能的区别以及控制方法等方面阐述了GFM-ES的主要特点；然后从频率支撑、电压支撑和黑启动等方面介绍了GFM-ES的主要应用场景；最后从GFM-ES的稳定性、优化配置和实际工程应用等方面提出了研究展望。结论构网型变流器的稳定性对储能机组的运行特性具有重要影响，需要进一步关注稳定问题的诱导原因、参数整定、控制和限流策略切换等；GFM-ES规划配置中，需要在功能性、复杂性、成本等方面进行权衡，以及构网型和跟网型储能的混合配置有待继续研究；加强GFM-ES机组之间的协调性和运行交互性，完善工程测试规范和标准，推动其在交直流混合电网及高压输电网络的应用。

关键词: 构网型储能, 频率支撑, 电压支撑, 优化配置

Abstract:

Objectives The characteristics of low inertia and low damping in “double-high” (high renewable energy penetration and high power electronics application) power system pose significant challenges to grid stability, particularly in terms of frequency and voltage. Grid-forming energy storage (GFM-ES), which has the capability of frequency regulation and voltage control, is reviewed in terms of its characteristics, application scenarios, and research outlook. Methods Firstly, the main characteristics of GFM-ES are described from the aspects of the differences between GFM-ES and grid-following energy storage, as well as the control methods. Then, the main application scenarios of GFM-ES, including frequency support, voltage support, and black start, are elaborated. Finally, the research outlook is presented, focusing on the stability, optimal configuration, and practical engineering applications of GFM-ES. Conclusions The stability of GFM converters has an important impact on the operational characteristics of energy storage units, and further attention needs to be paid to the induced causes of the stability problem, parameter tuning, and switching of control and current limiting strategies. The GFM-ES configuration requires trade-offs in terms of functionality, complexity, and cost, and the hybrid configuration of grid-forming and grid-following energy storage needs to be further investigated. Coordination and interoperability between GFM-ES units should be strengthened, and technical test specifications and standards should be improved to promote their application in hybrid AC-DC grids and high-voltage transmission grids.

Key words: grid-forming energy storage, frequency support, voltage support, optimal configuration

中图分类号:

TK 02

李亚楼, 赵飞, 樊雪君. 构网型储能及其应用综述[J]. 发电技术, 2025, 46(2): 386-398.

Yalou LI, Fei ZHAO, Xuejun FAN. Review of Grid-Forming Energy Storage and Its Applications[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(2): 386-398.

图/表 4

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跟网型储能	构网型储能
可视为恒流源	可视为电压源
需要PLL	无需PLL
无法黑启动	可以黑启动
不能控制电网的频率和电压	可主动调整输出频率和电压
不利于故障限流和穿越实现	有利于故障限流和穿越实现
循环效率优于构网型储能	循环效率低于跟网型储能
无法在完全(100%)电力电子设备系统中运行	理论上可以在完全(100%)电力电子设备系统中运行
目前应用广泛，只适用于强电网，不适用于孤岛	目前应用较少，可适用于弱电网和孤岛

跟网型储能	构网型储能
可视为恒流源	可视为电压源
需要PLL	无需PLL
无法黑启动	可以黑启动
不能控制电网的频率和电压	可主动调整输出频率和电压
不利于故障限流和穿越实现	有利于故障限流和穿越实现
循环效率优于构网型储能	循环效率低于跟网型储能
无法在完全(100%)电力电子设备系统中运行	理论上可以在完全(100%)电力电子设备系统中运行
目前应用广泛，只适用于强电网，不适用于孤岛	目前应用较少，可适用于弱电网和孤岛

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[2]	赵斌, 梁告, 姜孟浩, 邹港, 王力. 光储系统并网功率波动平抑及储能优化配置[J]. 发电技术, 2024, 45(3): 423-433.
[3]	孙健浩, 初壮. 考虑碳交易和无功补偿的分布式电源优化配置[J]. 发电技术, 2024, 45(1): 142-150.
[4]	陈晓光, 杨秀媛, 王镇林, 王浩扬. 考虑多目标优化模型的风电场储能容量配置方案[J]. 发电技术, 2022, 43(5): 718-730.
[5]	周保中, 刘敦楠, 张继广, 李忆, 徐尔丰, 毕圣. “风光火一体化”多能互补项目优化配置研究[J]. 发电技术, 2022, 43(1): 10-18.