碳中和背景下氢能利用关键技术及发展现状

doi:10.12096/j.2096-4528.pgt.20015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氢能作为一种二次能源，因其绿色、灵活、来源广泛等特点，将在可再生能源占主导的未来能源体系中发挥重要作用。决定氢能产业大规模发展的核心是实现低廉、高效的原料来源和储运。为此，从可再生能源电解水制氢和储氢运输2个方面，对实现氢能清洁和高效利用的关键技术进行了综述。总结了欧洲和日本作为氢能利用的领先国家在氢能发展方面的一些思路与进展，也对氢能的成本因素进行了讨论。分析了我国氢能发展的趋势，对于未来我国氢能产业发展的前景，提出以下建议：建立健全法规与政策体系；重视氢源供应及储运的发展；积极探索发展各类氢能利用方式。

关键词: 碳中和, 氢能, 可再生能源, 电解水, 氢气储运, 氢–天然气混合气

Abstract:

As a secondary energy, hydrogen energy will play an important role in the future energy system dominated by renewable energy because of its green, flexible and wide-ranging characteristics. The core of large-scale development of hydrogen energy industry is to realize low-cost and efficient raw material source, storage and transportation. Therefore, a review was made on the key technologies of how to truly realize the clean and efficient utilization of hydrogen energy in the aspects of hydrogen production from renewable energy electrolyzed water and hydrogen storage and transportation. The ideas and progress were summarized in the development of hydrogen energy in Europe and Japan as the leading countries for hydrogen energy utilization, and also the cost factors of hydrogen energy were discussed. The development trend of hydrogen energy in China was analyzed, and the development prospect of China's hydrogen energy industry in the future was also put forward, the suggestions were as follows: establishing a sound legal and policy system; paying attention to the development of hydrogen supply and storage and transportation; actively exploring and developing various ways of hydrogen energy utilization.

Key words: carbon neutrality, hydrogen energy, renewable energy, water electrolysis, hydrogen storage and transportation, hydrogen-natural gas mixtures

中图分类号:

TK91

雷超, 李韬. 碳中和背景下氢能利用关键技术及发展现状[J]. 发电技术, 2021, 42(2): 207-217.

Chao LEI, Tao LI. Key Technologies and Development Status of Hydrogen Energy Utilization Under the Background of Carbon Neutrality[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2021, 42(2): 207-217.

图/表 7

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系统	碱性电解水	PEM电解水	固体氧化物电解水
电解槽	无贵金属催化剂，成本低；电流密度小(0.2~0.4 A/cm²)；窄载荷波动范围(40%~ 110%)；气体纯度低；电解液有腐蚀性和剧毒V₂O₅，规模可达1 000 m³/h(标准状态)；体积大，电解槽较难集成；工作温度≤95 ℃；工作压力为1.6 MPa	需贵金属催化剂，成本高；电流密度大(1.5~3 A/cm²)；系统响应快，适应动态操作和0~200%宽负荷波动范围；无毒，无腐蚀性，效率高，气体纯度高，单堆可达100 m³/h(标准状态)；体积小，适用于多电解槽集成兆瓦级产品；性价比提升空间大；工作温度为室温~80 ℃；工作压力高，达到3.5 MPa，并可进一步提高	使用热能和电能输入，电能消耗低，无贵金属催化剂；陶瓷工艺，难以加工大面积的组件；成本高；工作温度为600~900 ℃；工作压力低
整体系统	氢氧侧等压设计；系统组成和操作复杂，成本高；氢水分离器容积大，系统留存氢气量多，安全性低；氢氧不完全隔离，难以通过多电解槽集成大规模系统	氢氧侧可压差设计；系统组成简单、紧凑、小型化，成本低；氢水分离器容积小，系统留存氢气量少，安全性高；氢氧两侧物理隔离，便于通过电解槽集成实现，可集成10~100 MW的超大规模系统；小型系统已商业化，开启大规模系统示范应用	高温工作，系统复杂；成本高；大规模系统集成难；尚不具备商业化条件

系统	碱性电解水	PEM电解水	固体氧化物电解水
电解槽	无贵金属催化剂，成本低；电流密度小(0.2~0.4 A/cm²)；窄载荷波动范围(40%~ 110%)；气体纯度低；电解液有腐蚀性和剧毒V₂O₅，规模可达1 000 m³/h(标准状态)；体积大，电解槽较难集成；工作温度≤95 ℃；工作压力为1.6 MPa	需贵金属催化剂，成本高；电流密度大(1.5~3 A/cm²)；系统响应快，适应动态操作和0~200%宽负荷波动范围；无毒，无腐蚀性，效率高，气体纯度高，单堆可达100 m³/h(标准状态)；体积小，适用于多电解槽集成兆瓦级产品；性价比提升空间大；工作温度为室温~80 ℃；工作压力高，达到3.5 MPa，并可进一步提高	使用热能和电能输入，电能消耗低，无贵金属催化剂；陶瓷工艺，难以加工大面积的组件；成本高；工作温度为600~900 ℃；工作压力低
整体系统	氢氧侧等压设计；系统组成和操作复杂，成本高；氢水分离器容积大，系统留存氢气量多，安全性低；氢氧不完全隔离，难以通过多电解槽集成大规模系统	氢氧侧可压差设计；系统组成简单、紧凑、小型化，成本低；氢水分离器容积小，系统留存氢气量少，安全性高；氢氧两侧物理隔离，便于通过电解槽集成实现，可集成10~100 MW的超大规模系统；小型系统已商业化，开启大规模系统示范应用	高温工作，系统复杂；成本高；大规模系统集成难；尚不具备商业化条件

项目	氢–天然气混合气	纯氢
对基础设施的影响	现有天然气管道可混入质量分数5%~20%的氢气，只需对现有管道监控和维护系统进行必要的安全改造	需将现有钢管改换为非腐蚀性和不可渗透的材料(如聚乙烯、纤维增强聚合物管道)并进行泄漏控制
对终端用户设备的影响	当热值保持在公差范围内时，混合气中氢质量分数在5%~20%范围内不会对终端用户设备的使用造成影响，无需改造；研究表明氢气混入的安全边际是30%	需改造终端用户设备(燃气锅炉、热水箱、燃气灶)

项目	氢–天然气混合气	纯氢
对基础设施的影响	现有天然气管道可混入质量分数5%~20%的氢气，只需对现有管道监控和维护系统进行必要的安全改造	需将现有钢管改换为非腐蚀性和不可渗透的材料(如聚乙烯、纤维增强聚合物管道)并进行泄漏控制
对终端用户设备的影响	当热值保持在公差范围内时，混合气中氢质量分数在5%~20%范围内不会对终端用户设备的使用造成影响，无需改造；研究表明氢气混入的安全边际是30%	需改造终端用户设备(燃气锅炉、热水箱、燃气灶)

车型	储氢罐质量/kg	储氢压强/MPa	最高续航里程/km	百千米耗氢量/kg	成本交叉点/(元/kg)
REFIRE重塑科技物流车	9.300	35	350	2.65	33.96
J6F氢燃料电池物流车	13.746	35	350	3.92	22.96